ANATOMICAL POSITION & DIRECTIONAL TERMS Sports Medicine 1

Anatomic Position Body erect Arms to side Palms forward Head & neck forward

Body Planes Sagittal Medial/Mid-sagittal Coronal/Frontal Transverse Sagittal: divides the body or organ vertically into right and left unequal parts Medial/Mid-sagittal: divides the body or organ vertically into equal right and left parts Coronal/Frontal: divides the body or organ vertically into anterior and posterior parts Transverse: divides the body or organ horizontally or into cranial/caudal parts

transverse coronal midsaggital

Primary Functions of Bone Supports the soft tissues of the body so that the form of the body and an erect posture can be maintained Protects delicate structures Blood cell production- RBC, WBC, & platelets produced in red marrow Storage for calcium & phosphorus; reserve lipid in yellow marrow Lever system with muscles-directs forces generated by muscles

Classified by Shape Long bones: longer than wide, shaft with 2 ends (femur, humerus) Short bones: length equals width (carpals, tarsals) Flat bones: thin and flat (cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula) Irregular bones: complex shapes (vertebrae, middle ear bones) Sesamoid bones: small bones formed in tendons (patella)

The Skeleton The average human adult skeleton has 206 bones joined to ligaments and tendons Forms a protective and supportive framework for the attached muscles and the soft tissues which underlie it. Minor differences between male and female skeletons: men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than corresponding women's bones, and a woman's pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth.

Joint Types Ball and Socket The greatest range of joint movement is provided by a "ball-and- socket" joint, in which the spherical head of one bone lodges in the spherical cavity of another

Joint Types: Hinge The simplest type of joint is the "hinge," as found in the elbows and the joints of the fingers and toes. Hinge joints allow movement in only one direction. Elbow

Joint Types: Pivot A pivot joint allows two bones to move in a rotational motion by twisting against each other The radio-ulnar joint in the elbow, or atlas/axis in the neck do this

Joint Types: Gliding Gliding" joints permit a wide range of mostly sideways movements - as well as movements in one direction The bones in the wrists and ankles slide against each other in a gliding motion The spine is a series of gliding joints

Joint movement: Extension When two bones move away from each other, the action is known as EXTENSION This would occur for example with straightening of the elbow or knee

Joint movement: Abduction When a joint moves away from the vertical centreline of the body, it is known as abduction. This movement occurs when the arm is raised to one side

Joint movement: Adduction When a joint moves towards the vertical centreline of the body, it is known as adduction. This movement occurs when the arm is lowered

Joint movement: Rotation This occurs when a bone rotates, either in a socket or relative to another bone. It can occur at ball & socket or gliding type joints Lowering (blue arrow) is internal rotation. Raising is external

Joint movement: Forward movement is flexion, (except the knee and elbow) Rearward movement is extension

Anatomical directions Superior: nearer the head Inferior: nearer the feet Lateral: away from the midline Medial: towards the midline

Anatomical directions Anterior: toward the front Posterior: toward the rear or back Proximal: nearer to the center Distal: farther from the center

Head Skull Frontal Parietals Temporals occipital Maxilla (top jaw and face) Mandible (Lower Jaw)

Head - Cranium

Spine C1 – Atlas C2 – Axis Common HNP (slipped disc): L4/L5, L5/S1 Lumbar Cervical C1 – Atlas C2 – Axis Common HNP (slipped disc): L4/L5, L5/S1

Back Muscles (Superficial)

Back Muscles (Deep)

Thorax Ribs SC joint – danger if clavicle fracture AC joint

Thoracic Muscles

Shoulder – Bony Anatomy

Shoulder - Muscles Rotator Cuff S – Supraspinatus I – Infraspinatus T – Teres minor S - Subscapularis

Shoulder Muscles Anterior View

Shoulder Injuries

Shoulder Injuries

Elbow

Elbow Musculature Tennis Elbow What causes tennis elbow???

Wrist and Hand 27 bones in the hand: the carpals or wrist account for 8; the metacarpals or palm contains 5; the remaining 14 are digital bones Carpal Bones (wrist)

Extensor and Flexor Muscles

Lower Extremity Femur – longest bone in body Patella – knee cap Tibia – bears ~ 80% weight Fibula

Hip Joint Hip Flexor mm’s

Quadriceps Rectus Femoris Vastus Intermedialis Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis

Knee ACL PCL MCL LCL Medial & Lateral Menisci

Knee Injuries – True “Knee” dislocation

Knee injuries – Patella dislocation

Lower Leg Gastrocnemius Medial and Lateral heads Soleus

Foot & Ankle 26 bones in foot (28 if count sesamoids) Hindfoot: Calcaneus, Talus Midfoot: Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms (med, middle, lat) Forefoot: metatarsals (5), phalanges (2, 3, 3, 3, 3 = 14)

Ankle Dislocation