Vegetable Agroforestry System (VAF) research activities Goal: Tree-crop integration on farm with minimal negative interaction, thus increasing economic profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental services

Annual cropping plant soil systems

VAF research activities Goal: Tree-crop integration on farm with minimal negative interaction thus increasing economic profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental services Systems: Cereal based systems (Claveria site) Cereal based systems (Claveria site) Vegetable based systems (Lantapan site) Vegetable based systems (Lantapan site)Issues: Tree-crop matching Tree-crop matching Tree site matching Tree site matching Tree-tree matching Tree-tree matching

1. Tree-crop matching Trees impact on crop growth and productivity Trees impact on crop growth and productivity  Tree competitive index  Tree complementarity index Issues: - Indigenous vs exotic species - Timber trees  Tree characteristics  Functional  Root architecture  Canopy structure  Association with mychorriza  Etc Fruit trees Tree vegetables

2. Crop adaptation to the tree environment Crop response index (competed or complemented) Crop response index (competed or complemented)  Cereals  Vegetables

3. Tree- site matching – tree growth retardation/enhancement factors Factors influencing tree performance Factors influencing tree performance - Elevation (temperature) - Soil reaction (acidity/alkalinity) - Rainfall (moisture) - Management (pruning, fertilization, etc) - Intercrop - Pest and diseases - Soil depth - Aspects

Net benefit= T+ (2y2-2y1)-D D

Vegetable Agroforestry System Assumptions Integration of trees on farm is only feasible if : Complementarity effect is greater than competition effect (Complementarity index > 1.0) Complementarity effect is greater than competition effect (Complementarity index > 1.0) The cumulative value of tree products is greater than the cumulative values of yield loss and crop displacement area (cropped area loss). The cumulative value of tree products is greater than the cumulative values of yield loss and crop displacement area (cropped area loss). Optimum tree spacing in AF system can be achieved when two complementary zones meet, but do not overlap Optimum tree spacing in AF system can be achieved when two complementary zones meet, but do not overlap

D Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system

Quantification of these premises Premise 1: Zones of interaction: Competition zone, complementarity zone and neutral zone Zones of interaction: Competition zone, complementarity zone and neutral zone Tree competitive index: Competition zone /neutral zone or no tree system (tree vs tree comparison) Tree competitive index: Competition zone /neutral zone or no tree system (tree vs tree comparison) Crop response index: Competition zone/ neutral zone or no tree system (crop vs crop comparison) Crop response index: Competition zone/ neutral zone or no tree system (crop vs crop comparison) Complementarity index: Complementarity zone/ competition zone Complementarity index: Complementarity zone/ competition zone

Premise 2: Premise 2: Net Benefit = cumulative value of tree products + cumulative net yield increase due to the presence of trees – cumulative values of yield loss due to the presence of trees – cumulative values of equivalent yield of crop displacement area. Net Benefit = cumulative value of tree products + cumulative net yield increase due to the presence of trees – cumulative values of yield loss due to the presence of trees – cumulative values of equivalent yield of crop displacement area.

Premise 3: Premise 3: In parkland system, distance between trees must be equal to the area divided by the distance of complementary zone multiplied by the number of sides (4) In parkland system, distance between trees must be equal to the area divided by the distance of complementary zone multiplied by the number of sides (4) In hedgerow intercropping system, distance between tree lines must be equal to the area divided by the distance of complementary zone multiplied by the number of sides (2) In hedgerow intercropping system, distance between tree lines must be equal to the area divided by the distance of complementary zone multiplied by the number of sides (2) If complementarity zone does not exist, segregate type of agroforestry is favored over integrate type. If complementarity zone does not exist, segregate type of agroforestry is favored over integrate type. If soil erosion is a problem under no complementarity environment, the use of slow growing natural vegetation strips (NVS) such as creeping grasses are more prepared. If soil erosion is a problem under no complementarity environment, the use of slow growing natural vegetation strips (NVS) such as creeping grasses are more prepared.

Factors influencing tree-crop interaction (competition and complementarity) Tree functional characteristic (N2-fixing, phosphatase activity, mycorrhizal association) Tree functional characteristic (N2-fixing, phosphatase activity, mycorrhizal association) Root architecture (shallow vs deep rooting pattern) Root architecture (shallow vs deep rooting pattern) Canopy type (erect, broad, large, medium) Canopy type (erect, broad, large, medium) Seasonality (shedding off leaves, fruiting, etc) Seasonality (shedding off leaves, fruiting, etc) Age of trees Age of trees Quality of tree products (timber or fruits) Quality of tree products (timber or fruits) Types of crop planted (erect vs broad leaves; dicots vs monocots) Types of crop planted (erect vs broad leaves; dicots vs monocots) Soil fertility Soil fertility Soil physical and chemical characteristics Soil physical and chemical characteristics Seasons (dry or wet season) Seasons (dry or wet season) Climate Climate Aspects Aspects Silvicultural management of trees (spacing, thinning, pruning, etc) Silvicultural management of trees (spacing, thinning, pruning, etc) Agronomic management of associated crops Agronomic management of associated crops