Systematics of Pinophyta

Pinus Male cones many and clustered Female cones woody, with persistent soles (apophysis) Needles in cluster of 2-5; evergreen Umbo may be terminal or dorsal Pinus ponderosa

Ovulate cone, LS

Microsporangiate cone, LS Microsporophyll, TS

Pinus ovule

Pinus kesiya (Benguet pine)

Figs. 9–12 9. Pinus longaeava showing centromucronate umbos. 10 Figs. 9–12 9.Pinus longaeava showing centromucronate umbos. 10. Detail of P. longaeva cone scales showing central position of mucros on the keel (arrows). 11.Pinus kesiya showing excentromucronate umbos. 12. Close up of P. kesiya cone scales showing excentromucronate umbos. University of California Herbarium specimen 1410566

Pinus merkusii

Pinus resinosa Habit of P. resinosa,25 m Dehiscing pollen Pinus resinosa, young and older male cones Habit of P. resinosa,25 m P. resinosa, 2 leaves per cluster

Pinus resinosa Air bladder Pinus pollen ovulate cones

Pinus muricata ovulate cones young and old male cones 2 needles per cluster bark

Pinus nigra Microsporangiate cones Ovulate cones, young

Pinus quadrifolia Seed cones; open cone, right 4 needles per cluster

Pinus longaeva Needles, 2 per cluster Ovulate cone

Genus Larix European larch, 30 m Deciduous Shoots dimorphic Leaves needle-like; borne singly, spirally-arranged on the long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-50 needles on the short shoots Cones erect, green or purple, turns brown at maturity

Genus Larix B A Larix kaempferi, ovulate cones (A & B) Larix griffithii, ovulate cone

Larix occidentalis (Western larch, NW USA, SW Canada)

Genus Abies (fir) Evergreen, with narrow, conic crown; becomes flattened or rounded in old trees Ovulate cones erect, dehiscent at maturity Leaves linear, spirally-arranged; slightly swollen & flattened at the base

Genus Abies Abies needles Abies homolepis, microsporangiate cones

Abies forrestii Abies (ovulate cones) Abies religiosa Abies koreana

Genus Picea (spruce) Conical, branches whorled Leaves linear, flat, or angular; spirally-arranged and 4-angled; each needle on a small peg-like structure called pulvinus Cones erect but becomes pendulous with persistent scales; green to purple seed cones, becomes pale to dark brown at maturity

Picea sitchensis

Male cones Picea abies Female cones Picea abies (Norway spruce)

Picea abies Erect, young female cones

B Picea glauca (White spruce) A Picea glauca, ovulate & microsporangiate cones (A & B)

Genus Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir) Leaves flat and needle-like; borne singly, with 2 white stomatal bands Female cones pendulous, with persistent scales(unlike true firs) & a long tridentine (3-pointed) bract that protrudes above each scale Pollen cones axillary, cylindric Bark reddish brown, deeply fissured

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Coast Douglas-fir) Tridentine bracts

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Pseudotsuga mensiezii Microsporangiate cones 3-week old ovulate cone

Family Araucariaceae Stem erect and massive; bark dark gray-brown, with horizontal ridges leaves leathery, awl-shaped or broad and flat Mostly dioecious; female cones globose, usually high on top of the tree Male cones smaller, narrow to broad cylindrical Young trees broadly pyramidal or conical, become umbrella-like as they mature

Araucaria araucana Ovulate cones Male cones

Bark of Araucaria araucana

Araucaria heterophylla

Araucaria bidwillii

Cupressaceae (cypress) Leaves scale-like, arranged in opposite, decussate pairs, persist for 3-5 years Bark fibrous & furrowed; may be smooth or exfoliating in plates Many species adapted to forest fires Ovulate cones globose or ovoid; may be terminal or axillary Monoecious, except Juniperus

Cupressus leaves

Cupressaceae: Cupressus sempervirens

Cupressus macrocarpa

A) Cupressus lucitanica B) Cupressus arizonica Ovulate cones Ovulate & microsporangiate cones

Genus Juniperus Trees or low, spreading shrubs Leaves may be needle-like (hard and sharp) or scale-like Monoecious or dioecious; seed cones fleshy, a berry-like structure (fused scales) Serves as exclusive food of some lepidopteran larvae

Juniperus californicum Ovulate cones

Juniperus cedrus

Juniperus occidentalis

Juniperus occidentalis

Juniperus horizontalis

Thuja(“arborvitae”) Thuja occidentalis Thuja standishii Shoots flat, leaves scale-like(needle-like in seedlings); scale leaves arranged in alternating decussate pairs in 4 rows along the twigs; male cones small, at the tips of the twigs; used for hedges Thuja occidentalis

Podocarpaceae Leaves lanceolate to oblong; shrubs or trees Cones with 2-5 fused scales, becomes berry-like at maturity, brightly colored red to purple, fleshy; male cones often clustered Many species dioecious Podocarpus macrophyllus, female cones

Taxaceae(yew) Taxus cuspidata Much branched small trees and shrubs Leaves linear to lanceolate, spirally arranged Female cones reduced, with just one ovuliferous scale (which develops into a fleshy aril) & one seed

Cryptomeria japonica (“Sugi”) Male cones Female cone immature foliage shoot

70 meters in height Cryptomeria japonica

Sequoiadendron giganteum Ovulate cones Sequoiadendron giganteum, 90 m ht., trunk, 11 m diam.

Taxodium ascendens Ovulate cones

Taxodium mucronatum Male cones

Taxodium distichum Ovulate cone

Sequoia sempervirens Open & closed cones Bark thick, up to 12 in, soft and fibrous, bright red brown when freshly exposed; leaves flat or scale-like, in spirals; seed cones ovoid, male cones oval ; monoecious Male and female cones

Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) 115 m in height, 7 m diam., 2,200 yrs Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)