Respiratory System
Parts Lungs Air passages
Functions Takes in oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Body has 4-6 minute supply of oxygen
Air Passages Nose 2 nostrils or nares Nasal septum Lined Functions Divides nose into 2 nasal cavities Lined With mucous membrane with a rich blood supply Functions Warms Moistens Filters
Cilia Olfactory Receptor Lacrimal Ducts Tiny hair-like structures that help move dirt trapped in mucous to the esophagus Olfactory Receptor Receptors for sense of smell Lacrimal Ducts Tear ducts Drain tears from the eye into the nose
Olfactory Receptors
Sinuses Cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area Connected to nasal cavities by short ducts Function Warms and moistens air Lined with mucous membrane Provides resonance for the voice
Pharynx Throat Lies behind the nasal passages 3 sections Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Larynx Voice box Layers of cartilage Contains Largest is the thyroid cartilage commonly called the Adam's apple Contains Vocal chords Vibrate on exhaled air to produce sound The tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that closes the larynx during swallowing and prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea
Trachea Windpipe Series of “C” shaped cartilage to keep the tube open to the back Divide into the right and left bronchi Continues to divide into smaller bronchioles End in the alveoli Air sacs
Alveoli One cell thick and surrounded by capillaries Look like a cluster of grapes Allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Surfactant Surfactant Reduces surface pressure and prevents alveoli from collapsing
Exchange of Gases
Lungs Right lung 3 lobes Left lung 2 lobes due to the heart
Pleura Covered by a double layer sac called the pleura
Ventilation Process of breathing Diaphragm Muscle of respiration Assisted by the intercostal muscles Phases of respiration Inspiration Inhale Expiration Exhale
Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Process of Respiration Controlled by the medulla oblongata in the brain An increase in amount of CO2 in the blood , increases the rate of respiration Both involuntary and voluntary process
Stages of Respiration External Respiration Exchange of gases between air in the lung and the blood
Internal Respiration Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
Cellular Respiration Use of gases to make energy, water and CO2
Diseases Asthma Inflammation of airways with increased mucous production and muscle constriction Cause – allergen, exercise, stress, chemical S/S - wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, shortness of breath Tx - bronchodilators, steroids
Nebulizer Inhaler
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes Acute – infection Chronic – longtime exposure to smoking S/S productive cough, dyspnea, fever, chest pain Tx – antibiotics, bronchodilators, oxygen
Emphysema
Emphysema Non infectious, chronic respiratory condition when walls of alveoli deteriorate and loss elasticity CO2 remains trapped in the alveoli Poor exchange of gases S/S dypnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel chest TX – No cure
Epistaxis Nosebleed Congested capillaries bleed Due to injury, blowing too hard, hypertension TX – pinch nostrils lean forward slightly
Influenza Flu Viral infection of the lungs Spread by respiratory droplet S/S - fever, malaise, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle pain Tx - symptomatic
Lung Cancer Leading cause of death of men and women S/S no symptoms in early stages, later cough hemoptysis Tx – surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy
Pneumonia Inflammation or infection of the lungs Build up of exudates (fluid) in the alveoli S/S cough, chest pain, fever, dyspnea Tx – antibiotics, bed rest, fluids, respiratory therapy, pain medication
Rhinitis, Laryngitis, Sinusitis
Tuberculosis Infectious lung disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Can be walled off in a tubercle and become dormant New strains are drug resistant S/S fatigue, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis weight loss, chest pain Tx - several drugs over a period of two years