Respiratory Anatomy Mrs. Meister

Function Takes in air containing 02 Takes in air containing 02 Removes 02 from the air Removes 02 from the air Sends 02 through the blood to all cells in the body Sends 02 through the blood to all cells in the body Removes waste C02 from the blood Removes waste C02 from the blood Exhales C02 from the lungs Exhales C02 from the lungs

Inhaled air contains 21% 02 Exhaled air contains 16% 02

The Medulla Oblongata Respiratory center of the brain Respiratory center of the brain When the level of C02 in the blood rises to a certain level, the medulla oblongata is triggered and a breath is taken in When the level of C02 in the blood rises to a certain level, the medulla oblongata is triggered and a breath is taken in

The Anatomy

The Nose Filters the air using cilia and mucous membranes Filters the air using cilia and mucous membranes Warms the air using blood vessels in the nose Warms the air using blood vessels in the nose Moistens the air using mucous membranes Moistens the air using mucous membranes

How the Nose Filters the Air Cilia are tiny hairs lining the nose, nasal passages, larynx and trachea Cilia are tiny hairs lining the nose, nasal passages, larynx and trachea Cilia become finer the further into the body they go Cilia become finer the further into the body they go Cilia trap inhaled particles which are ejected from the body when you sneeze, cough or blow your nose Cilia trap inhaled particles which are ejected from the body when you sneeze, cough or blow your nose Mucous Membranes contain mucous secreting cells They line the nasal passages, larynx and trachea They work with cilia to trap inhaled particles and bacteria which are ejected when you cough or swallow

How the Nose Warms the Air The many blood vessels lining the nasal passages warm the air as it is inhaled The many blood vessels lining the nasal passages warm the air as it is inhaled

How the Nose Moistens the Air The mucous membranes lining the nasal passages moisten the air as it is inhaled The mucous membranes lining the nasal passages moisten the air as it is inhaled

The Pharynx Is the common passageway for both air and food Is the passageway for food to travel from the mouth to the esophagus Is the passageway for air to travel from the mouth and nose to the trachea

The Epiglottis Is a leaf – shaped flap of elastic cartilage Is a leaf – shaped flap of elastic cartilage It covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs It covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs

The Larynx Is also called the voice box It contains the vocal cords Is made up of 9 separate pieces of cartilage that hold it open – the thyroid cartilage or Adam’s Apple is one of them These pieces of cartilage swell when severely infected requiring intubation and/or tracheostomy

Intubation Tracheostomy

The Trachea Is also called the windpipe Is also called the windpipe Lies in front of the esophagus Lies in front of the esophagus Begins at the level of the throat and goes to the level of the sternum Begins at the level of the throat and goes to the level of the sternum Is a muscular passage leading to the lungs Is a muscular passage leading to the lungs Is held open by a series of C- shaped rings of cartilage Is held open by a series of C- shaped rings of cartilage Divides into the right and left bronchus at about the level of the sternum Divides into the right and left bronchus at about the level of the sternum

The Bronchi Branch off the trachea into the right main stem bronchus which leads to the right lung and the left main stem bronchus which leads to the left lung Each bronchus separates and divides into smaller and smaller bronchioles like branches of an upside down tree

The Bronchioles Are the smallest branches of the bronchi Are the smallest branches of the bronchi Each end with clusters of alveoli Each end with clusters of alveoli

The Alveoli Are grapelike clusters of microscopic air sacs There are approximately 500 million alveoli in the lungs Are surrounded by a network of capillaries which allows for the exchange of 02 and C02 between the RBCs in the blood flowing through the capillaries and the alveoli

The Lungs Are made up of spongy tissue containing millions of alveoli Are made up of spongy tissue containing millions of alveoli There is a right and left lung There is a right and left lung Each lung is divided into lobes Each lung is divided into lobes Right lung has 3 lobes – upper, middle and lower Right lung has 3 lobes – upper, middle and lower Left lung has 2 lobes – upper and lower Left lung has 2 lobes – upper and lower Each lobe is divided into segments Each lobe is divided into segments

The Pleural Membranes 2 separate membranes that enclose each lung The visceral pleura adheres directly to the lung The parietal pleura adheres to the inside of the chest wall The thin space in between is filled with pleural fluid which lubricates the membranes so they slide freely over each other when the lungs expand and contract with breathing

The Diaphragm Sheet of muscle that arches up into the chest cavity Sheet of muscle that arches up into the chest cavity Separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity Separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity When it contracts, it lowers down toward the abdomen allowing the chest cavity and lungs to expand and draw in a breath When it contracts, it lowers down toward the abdomen allowing the chest cavity and lungs to expand and draw in a breath When it relaxes, it rises back up into the chest cavity allowing for exhalation When it relaxes, it rises back up into the chest cavity allowing for exhalation

The Rib Cage Contains 12 pairs of ribs Protects the heart and lungs within it Flexible cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum Intercostal muscles between each rib work with the diaphragm to expand and contract the chest cavity allowing for inspiration and expiration

Types of Respiration External External Internal Internal

External Respiration Is the exchange of 02 and C02 between the alveoli and the capillaries Is the exchange of 02 and C02 between the alveoli and the capillaries The body takes in 02 during inspiration which travels down through the lungs to the alveoli The body takes in 02 during inspiration which travels down through the lungs to the alveoli 02 passes through the walls of the alveoli into the RBCs flowing through the capillaries 02 passes through the walls of the alveoli into the RBCs flowing through the capillaries RBCs pass C02 they received from the cells throughout the body into the alveoli RBCs pass C02 they received from the cells throughout the body into the alveoli C02 is passed out of the body during expiration C02 is passed out of the body during expiration

Internal Respiration Is the exchange of gases that occurs at the cellular level Is the exchange of gases that occurs at the cellular level RBCs carry 02 passed by the alveoli to the cells throughout the body RBCs carry 02 passed by the alveoli to the cells throughout the body RBCs carry C02 received from the cells throughout the body back to the alveoli RBCs carry C02 received from the cells throughout the body back to the alveoli

Abnormal Breath Sounds Rales Rales Stridor Stridor Wheeze Wheeze Rhonchi Rhonchi

Rales Sound like crackles Sound like crackles Are caused by fluid accumulated in the lungs or the bronchi Are caused by fluid accumulated in the lungs or the bronchi Fluid in the lungs can be caused by pneumonia or congestive heart failure Fluid in the lungs can be caused by pneumonia or congestive heart failure Fluid in the bronchi can be caused by tar accumulation in smokers or from bronchitis Fluid in the bronchi can be caused by tar accumulation in smokers or from bronchitis

Stridor Is a high pitched or crow-like sound Is a high pitched or crow-like sound Is caused by obstruction of the larynx by swelling of the mucosal lining or from a foreign body Is caused by obstruction of the larynx by swelling of the mucosal lining or from a foreign body

Wheeze Is caused by air whistling through constriction of the bronchi, bronchioles and lungs Is caused by air whistling through constriction of the bronchi, bronchioles and lungs The bronchi and bronchioles become constricted from swelling of the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles The bronchi and bronchioles become constricted from swelling of the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles This swelling can be caused by asthma or an allergic reaction This swelling can be caused by asthma or an allergic reaction

Rhonchi Sounds somewhat like snoring Sounds somewhat like snoring Is caused by the partial obstruction of the bronchi by secretions, swelling of the lining of the bronchi or from a tumor pressing on the bronchi Is caused by the partial obstruction of the bronchi by secretions, swelling of the lining of the bronchi or from a tumor pressing on the bronchi