The Respiratory System

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/lungs-article.html 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Upper Respiratory System Structures Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lower Respiratory System Structures Trachea Bronchi Bronchial tubes Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura Mediastinum Diaphragm 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region Cilia – nose hairs Why do we have nose hair? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system NASAL CAVITY NASAL SEPTUM = divides nasal cavities into R and L sides Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane. CILIA – the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air Provide resonance to the voice 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system SINUSES – cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air. Frontal Maxillary Ethmoid Sphenoid Sinuses give resonance to the voice. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx About 5” long 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Epiglottis A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system PHARYNX   The throat Common passageway for air and food 5” long When food is swallowed, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Larynx Voice Box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis Also called the Adam’s Apple 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system LARYNX   Voice box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS) Adam’s Apple 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Can you identify the trachea? Trachea Windpipe Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system TRACHEA   Windpipe 4 ½ in. long Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches. As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth muscle Lined with ciliated epithelium 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES   Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings) Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Contain surfactant Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system ALVEOLI Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered with SURFACTANT – to keep alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity Apex Base Fit snugly over diaphragm. Lung tissue is porous and spongy. Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lung Displaced by the liver 3 lobes Left lung Smaller than the right side Displaced by the heart 2 lobes 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system LUNGS   Fill thoracic cavity Upper part = apex Lower part = base Base fits snugly over diaphragm Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes L lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system PLEURA   Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Mediastinum A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Diaphragm from the muscular system! 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Let’s review the structures of the respiratory system … 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Functions of the Respiratory System Discuss the functions of the respiratory system. What is the relevance to your health? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Breathing Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration Internal respiration Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM   External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration Production of sound (vocal cords) 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Breathing Calculate your respirations 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Calculate your respirations 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system PULMONARY VENTILATION (Breathing)   INSPIRATION Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward – this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in. EXPIRATION Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. Coughing Hiccups Sneezing Yawning Why do they occur? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Respiratory Movements 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Age - newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations  Emotion can  or  rate 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Coughing – deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract.   Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve Sneezing – air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Yawning – deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Neural Factors Explain the role of the Medulla Oblongata What does the Phrenic Nerve do? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Chemical Factors What are the chemical factors involved in breathing? Compare to NEURAL FACTORS. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Control of Breathing   Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors. Neural Factors Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA  on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Chemical Factors   Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in brain) Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Types of breathing Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity Residual volume Functional residual capacity 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Essential question What are the structures of the respiratory system? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system