Why can’t you have one without the others??  Swbat  define terms related to directional anatomy  Locate the part of the canine by directional terminology  Define and apply three dimensional planes to animals. Anatomy & Physiology TM 1

Why can’t you have one without the others??  Swbat  Create a pasta skeleton with answer key of a rabbit, horse, cat or dog with all pertinent bones. Anatomy & Physiology TM 2

Directional Terminology  Anterior – front of the animal  Posterior – rear of the animal  Cranial – towards the front of the animal  Caudal – towards the rear of the animal  Dorsal – uppermost surface or back  Ventral – lowermost surface or belly  Proximal – part of limb closest  Distal – part of limb furthest away  Lateral – side of the animal Anatomy & Physiology TM 3

4 Dorsal Caudal Ventral Cranial Distal Proximal Posterior Anterior Ventral

Three Dimensional Planes  Frontal Plane – body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts  Median Plane – body plane that divides the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves  Sagittal Plane – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane  Transverse Plane – body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts Anatomy & Physiology TM 5

6 Frontal Deep Superficial Transverse Sagittal Median

Integumentary System Anatomy & Physiology TM 7  The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body  Organ most likely to be subjected to trauma  Functions:  Enclosing barrier preventing the loss of water, electrolytes, and cells  Protection from the environment  Allowing motion  Temperature regulation  Storage  Pigmentation  Immunosurveillance  Production of vitamin D  Sensory perception  Excretory secretions

Skeletal System  Purpose – support and protect the body  Axial Skeleton – includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum  Appendicular Skeleton – fore and hind limbs Anatomy & Physiology TM 8

Axial Skeleton  Skull – many plates of bone fused together. the soft spot is the fontanel  Vertebrae – 5 distinct regions 1. Cervical – neck region  Atlas – C1. nod yes  Axis – C2. no  7 in all mammals Anatomy & Physiology TM 9

Thoracic Vertebrae  Body region – always have a rib attached and spine on top  True Ribs – directly attach to sternum  False Ribs – connect to each other  Floating Ribs – not attached to anything Anatomy & Physiology TM 10

Lumbar Vertebrae  Lower back  Carnivores have more  Herbivores less – strong back Anatomy & Physiology TM 11

Sacral Vertebrae  Pelvic region Anatomy & Physiology TM 12

Coccygeal Vertebrae  Tail region  balance Anatomy & Physiology TM 13

Appendicular Skeleton  Forelimb  Scapula – shoulder blade  Clavicle – only cat  Humerus – upper arm  Ulna – elbow joint  Radius – forearm  Carpus – knee in horses, wrist in dogs and humans  Metacarpals – hand  Phalanges – fingers  Sesamoids - bump Anatomy & Physiology TM 14

Hind Limbs  Pelvis -  Femur –  Patella – knee  Tibia – shin  Fibula – fused with tibia  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsal – bones in foot Anatomy & Physiology TM 15

Anatomy & Physiology TM 16 Skull Cervical Axis Thoracic Lumbar Atlas Coccygeal Sacral Vertebrae Ribs Scapula Ulna Radius Carpals Humerus Pelvis Metacarpals Phalanges Tarsals Tibia Metatarsals Fibula Femur Sesamoids Phalanges Olecranon Patella

Anatomy & Physiology TM 17

Why can’t you have one body system without the other?  Swbat identify the parts of a bone through a dissection of a chicken wing.  Swbat compare the differences in bone structure of a newborn, 1 year old, 13 year old and 18 year old through a handout “The Aging Hand”  Swbat estimate the age of a hand based on bone structure through use of a picture.  Homework – study for quiz on bones (Tuesday) Anatomy & Physiology TM 18

 Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus  Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull  Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae  Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella  Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 19 Classification of Bones

Bone Anatomy  Diaphysis – body of long bone  Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones  Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis  Periosteum – thin outer protective layer of bone  Medullary Cavity – space within filled with marrow  Endosteum – thin inner protective layer lining the medullary cavity Anatomy & Physiology TM 20

Bone anatomy  Compact Bone – thick outer layer that can be repared  Give rigidity and elasticity.  Cancellous Bone – spongy, soft tissue found inside the end of bones  Ossification – process of forming bones  Osteoblast – particles that begin ossification in young, developing bones  Osteocyte – bones that begin to develop mature bone Anatomy & Physiology TM 21

Bone Growth  Occurs in the epiphysis of long bones  Epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called ossification Anatomy & Physiology TM 22

Anatomy & Physiology TM 23 Periosteum Epiphysis Bone marrow Medullary cavity Metaphysis Endosteum Diaphysis

Bone Fractures  Simple – bone does not break skin  Compound – bones breaks skin  Complete – fracture goes completely across bone  Incomplete – fracture does not go completely across bone Anatomy & Physiology TM 24

Anatomy & Physiology TM 25 Fissured ComminutedTransverse Greenstick

Why can’t you have one body system without the other?  Swbat identify three types of muscles through the use of a microscope.  Swbat list the function of each type of muscle  Swbat identify major muscles and how they are connected to the skeleton system through the creation of muscles on their pasta skeleton Anatomy & Physiology TM 26

 Skeletal muscle – allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.  Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope.  Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 27 Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals.

Movement  Ambulation – moving from one place to another  Abduction – moving away from the median plane  Adduction – moving towards the median plane  Flexion – moving to the distal part of the limb towards the body  Extension – moving the distal part of the limb away from the body Anatomy & Physiology TM 28

Muscle Function  Either contract or relax, so generally work in pairs Anatomy & Physiology TM 29

Id of Major Muscles  Masseter – superficial cheek  Trapezius – superficial triangular of shoulder  Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal that attaches the humerus to the lumbar  Abdonimal obliques – large flat, support digestive and reproductive organs  Gluteals – large, upper hindquarters  Biceps femoris – superficial, “hamstrings”  Biceps brachii – flexor of the elbow joint Anatomy & Physiology TM 30

 Triceps brachii – extensor of the elbow joint  Pectorals – adductors of the forelimbs  Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk Anatomy & Physiology TM 31

Anatomy & Physiology TM 32 Masseter Biceps femoris Triceps brachii Gluteals Trapezius Latissimus dorsi External abdominal oblique Pectorals

Respiratory System  Function – brings in O2 and expels CO2  With the help of the circulatory system Anatomy & Physiology TM 33

Upper Respiratory System  Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx and epiglottis  Mucous Membranes – lining of respiratory tract that secrete mucus  Mucus – slimy secretion that helps warm, moisten and filter the air  Cilia – tiny wave-like hairs that line the nose to filter the air Anatomy & Physiology TM 34

Upper Respiratory Cont.  Pharynx – passage that is shared by the respiratory and digestive system  Epiglottis – flap that covers the larynx during swallowing  Larynx – “voice box” contains vocal cords that vibrate when air passes through them Anatomy & Physiology TM 35

Anatomy & Physiology TM 36 Tongue Esophagus Mouth Trachea Epiglottis Nasal cavity Larynx Pharynx

Lower Respiratory System  Trachea – “windpipe” rings of cartilage to keep shape  Bronchi – two branches at bottom of the trachea, one is called the bronchus  Bronchioles – smallest branches of bronchial tree  Bronchial tree – describe how the bronchi get smaller and smaller like tree branches Anatomy & Physiology TM 37

Lower Respiratory Cont.  Alveoli – small grape like clusters at end of bronchioles that actually exchange gases  Lungs – paired organ that contains bronchi that are divided into defined lobes  Diaphragm – muscle below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air. Anatomy & Physiology TM 38

Anatomy & Physiology TM 39 Epiglottis Cartilage ring Bronchioles Alveoli Trachea Lungs Larynx Bronchi

Breathing  Inhalation – drawing in of a breath  Exhalation – release of a breath  Apnea – not breathing  Dyspnea – Difficulty breathing  Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing  Tachypnea – abnormally fast breathing  Respiration – exchange of CO2 and O2 in lungs Anatomy & Physiology TM 40

Nervous System  Detects and processes information and formulates responses. Coordinates and controls ALL body movement  Sends and receives impulses (electrical signals)that travel through the NS and provide info to the brain Anatomy & Physiology TM 41

3 types of Neurons  Sensory neurons – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord  Connecting Neurons – carry impulses from one neuron to another  Motor Neurons – carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord to the body Anatomy & Physiology TM 42

Parts of a Neuron  Cell Body – aka “soma”. Contains the cell nucleus  Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses  Axon – sends impulses away  Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical call the “neurotransmitter” that helps impulses travel  Myelin – protective sheath around neuron Anatomy & Physiology TM 43

Anatomy & Physiology TM 44 Cell body (soma) Synapse Myelin sheath Dendrite Axon

Parts of the Brain  Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance  Cerebrum – largest, 4 lobes that receive and store info, responsible for giving signals for voluntary mov’t – senses – touch, smell, taste, see, hear  Pituitary Gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth  Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain  Medulla Oblongata – dictates all life functions – heart, breathing, reflex actions  Hypothalamus - link between the nervous system and endocrine system, thirst, hunger  Thalamus – relay system for all nerve impulses except smell. Receives impulses then directs them to proper part of brain  Brainstem – connect the brain to the spinal cord and contains medulla oblongata Anatomy & Physiology TM 45

Anatomy & Physiology TM 46 Meninges Medulla oblongata Brain stem Cerebrum Cerebellum Hypothalamus Thalamus Spinal cord Pituitary gland