1 ERIK ERIKSON

2 FREUD Psychosexual Development ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL Development

3 EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE There Is A Natural, Predetermined Order To Development. Personality growth follows a sequence of inner, predetermined laws. Each person develops through a sequence of stages that emerge in accordance with this preset plan.

4 At each stage a person is confronted with a CRISIS that must be resolved. Each crisis is represented by a healthy versus an unhealthy resolution that can be represented as polar opposites on a straight line. Trust Mistrust A person’s social environment has an extremely important effect on how each crisis is resolved, but it does not determine the order in which stages emerge!

5 Thus, there is a predetermined, genetic plan of what constitutes a healthy personality (a positive resolution at each stage). What constitutes a healthy personality is not arbitrary or socially determined. The epigenetic principle states that there is a universal, biologically determined conception of what a healthy personality is.

6 The stages are sequential but they are NOT HIERARCHICAL. Each new stage emerges according to the predetermined biological plan irrespective of how successful the resolution of the previous stage was. However, the unhealthy resolution of a stage negatively affects the resolution of all subsequent stages.

7 THE STAGES 8. Integrity vs. Despair 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Diffusion) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 1. Trust vs. Mistrust

8 COMPARISON OF STAGES Genital Genital Latency Latency Oedipal Oedipal Anal Anal Oral Oral 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 3. Initiative vs. guilt 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1. Trust vs. Mistrust FREUD ERIKSON

9 ERIKSON’S ADULT STAGES 8. Integrity vs. Despair 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (self-absorption) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

10 STAGE AND AGE 8. Integrity vs. DespairOld age 7. Generativity vs. StagnationAdulthood 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 20s 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion12-18 (approx.) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority6-12 (approx.) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt Autonomy vs. Shame Trust vs. Mistrust0-1

11 SIGNIFICANT RELATIONS 8. Integrity vs. Despair humankind (my kind) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation divided labor, shared household 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation partners: friends, sex,competition, cooperation 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion peer and other groups 4. Industry vs. Inferiority neighborhood, school 3. Initiative vs. Guilt basic family 2. Autonomy vs. Shame parental persons 1. Trust vs. Mistrust maternal person

12 GOALS OF EACH STAGE 8. Integrity vs. Despair 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 1. Trust vs. Mistrust Wisdom, Inner peace CareLoveFidelityCompetencePurpose Will Power Hope Ideal Achievement Stage