Project #6: Biodiesel from Waste Feedstock Sponsored by The National Science Foundation Grant ID No.: DUE-0756921 Anna Greve, Junior, Civil Engineering Kathe Pocker, Pre-Junior, Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering and Applied Science; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH Dr. Mingming Lu, Yang Liu and Qingshi Tu; University of Cincinnati

Presentation Outline Background on Biodiesel Methods of Extraction Advantages and disadvantages Methods of Extraction Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Coffee Grounds (WCG) Results Future Plans Timeline

Background on Biodiesel What is biodiesel? Advantages: Domestically produced Use in engines Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Disadvantages: Lack of auto maker approval Lower fuel economy Investigating nitrogen oxide emissions Possible harmful effects on car engines

Waste Cooking Oil Benefits Background on Biodiesel Waste Cooking Oil Benefits Grease traps remove and separate fat, oils and greases in restaurants and food service establishments Solves the problem of too much grease and oil waste, especially in septic tanks and water treatment facilities

Waste Coffee Ground Benefits Background on Biodiesel Waste Coffee Ground Benefits Enriches the feedstock market while lowering the production cost Lowers purification cost Replaces coal Reduces the solid waste Protects water resources

Why biodiesel? Electric cars Corn-based ethanol Short vehicle ranges and long recharge times Extremely expensive Battery uncertainty Less existing infrastructure Corn-based ethanol Causes food prices to increase Energy used to fertilize, transport, and process the corn releases greenhouse gases

Methods of Extraction Two Methods of Extraction: Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Waste Coffee Ground (WCG)

WCO Extraction - Titration Take a small amount of WCO (1mL), and combine with 10 mL methanol and 2 drops of an indicator Add 0.5 mL or 1.0 mL NaOH drop-wise When it turns pink…STOP

WCO Extraction - Neutralization From titration, necessary amount of NaOH to be added is determined At this time, free fatty acid concentration (FFA) can also be determined

WCO Extraction - Reaction Allow NaOH to dissolve in 20 mL of methanol Combine, heat and stir Variations in reaction times

WCO Extraction - Separation Allow separation Remove glycerin Perform water wash

WCO Extraction – Data Gathering Biodiesel is weighed This weight is compared to weight of the starting amount of WCO to get a percent recovery

WCG Extraction – Neutralization Weigh out 5 g WCG Variations in mixtures (5% NaOH, 5% KOH, and 10% KOH) Combine with 200 mL methanol Allow to stir and heat for 2 ½ hours

WCG Extraction – Collection Every 30 minutes, check the heat and extract 1.5 mL solution Put vials in freezer to later evaluate purity

WCG Extraction – Methanol Evaporation Allow methanol to evaporate Dry off remaining methanol

Results – WCO Extraction

Results – WCO Extraction

Results – WCO Extraction

Results – WCG Extraction For each mixture, 5 extractions were done Need to send samples to an outside facility for purity assessment

Future Research Plans Conduct more time trials for WCO extractions Assess purity for both WCO and WCG extractions Experiment with different amounts of NaOH and different neutralizing agents Dr. Lu’s cooking grease

Goals and Objectives Have gained a better understanding of biodiesel production and use through WCO and WCG extractions Learned the documentation process behind research projects

Acknowledgements Dr. Mingming Lu Yang Liu Qingshi Tu Dr. Urmila Ghia Kristen Strominger The University of Cincinnati The National Science Foundation

Timeline X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Objectives 1/28-2/3 2/4-2/10 2/11-2/17 2/18-2/24 2/25-3/3 3/4-3/10 3/11-3/17 3/18-3/24 3/25-3/31 4/1-4/5 Biodiesel Extraction Batch   Literature Review Coffee Ground & WCO Extraction Paper Presentation and Poster X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

References Al-Hamamre, Zayed, Sascha Foerster, Franziska Hartmann, Michael Kroger, and Martin Katlschmitt. "Oil Extracted from Spent Coffee Grounds as a Renewable Source for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Manufacturing." Elsevier (2012): n. pag. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fuel>. Agnew, Rachel, Ming Chai, Mingming Lu, and Nancy Dendramis. "Making Biodiesel from Recycled Cooking Oil Generated in Campus Dining Facilities." Sustainability 2.5 (2009): 303-307. Print. 20 Jan. 2013. Meher, L.C., D. Vidya Sagar, and S.N. Naik. “Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification – a review.” Renewable and Sustainably Energy Reviews 10.3 (2006): 248-268. Web. 29 March 2013. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109002913>. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/biodiesel.shtml http://www.thermaco.com/what-is-a-grease-trap.php http://blogs.automotive.com/why-hybrids-ethanol-biodiesel-are-better-than-electric-cars-10604.html#axzz2PbIqT7y8 http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/4279508 http://www.bankrate.com/financing/cars/pros-and-cons-of-electric-cars/