USERS AND TECHNOLOGY: PERSPECTIVES ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY I203 Social and Organizational Issues of Information

2 Some theories for technological development and change  Technological Determinism  Social Constructivism

3 Related but Distinct Technological Determinism Social Constructivism Positivism / Empiricism Subjectivism / Post - Modernism P ERSPECTIVES ON D EVELOPMENT & C HANGE T HEORIES OF K NOWLEDGE / E PISTEMOLOGY

4 Does society determine technologies, or do technologies determine society?  The ‘Star Trek’ problem:

5 But Seriously…  The problem we face is very real in our understanding of technology and information history: Does technology/IT primarily affect society and happen as natural course of development, or are technologies/IT emergent from social processes?  Put differently, do technologies develop “under their own immanent logic”?

6 Technological determinism  Technological change comes from outside society as part of an autonomous scientific development  Technologies have their own inertia, totally separate from the influences of people.  At the extreme, technology causes social change

7 Examples of Determinism Lynn White The invention of the stirrup led to Feudalism. See: White, L. Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford: Clarendon Press, “The history of the use of the horse in battle is divided into three periods: first, that of the charioteer; second, that of the mounted warrior who clings to his steed by pressure of the knees; and third, that of the rider equipped with stirrups.”

8 More Examples of Determinism The automobile created suburbia. See: McShane, C. Down the Asphalt Path: The Automobile and the American City. New York, NY: Columbia University Press

9 Consequences of Technological Determinism  At the Macro level, technology causes social and historical changes.  At the Micro level, technology affects social and social-psychological processes as individuals use technology and tools.

11 “Technologies do no doubt, as Richard Sclove (1995) puts it, 'constitute part of a society's core political infrastructure', just as do laws regulating behavior and taxation, but I think it's worth making the point that they are not likely to be any more predictable in their effects than those.” “…but notice that technologies tend to do this independently of their nominally intended (or 'focal') purposes. We do not normally regard fountains, pipes (or, for that matter, microwave ovens, hypodermic syringes, garden hoses or numerically controlled machine tools) as devices that shape patterns of human relationship, but that is nevertheless one of their pervasive latent (or 'nonfocal') tendencies” Sclove (1995 : 89) Critiques of Tech Determinism

12 The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) Perspective

13 Understanding the Social Construction of Technology  Both technical processes and social processes shape technological development.  Thus, what we think of as ‘technology’ is produced through many factors, including:  Behaviors of individuals and groups  Economy and markets  Consumer needs and wants

14 Main arguments of SCOT  Technology can develop differently based on the social circumstances in a given environment.  Concept of “interpretive flexibility”:  any object can mean different things to different relevant groups.

15 Interpretive Flexibility

16 Main arguments of SCOT (continued)  Stabilization  Over time, negotiations lead to convergence.  Closure  Closure is a social process in which the technological artifact reaches a final, consensual form.