1 6-1 Plural forms of nounsPlural forms of nouns 6-2 Pronunciation of final –s/-esPronunciation of final –s/-es 6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objectsSubjects, verbs, and objects 6-4 Objects of prepositionsObjects of prepositions 6-5 Prepositions of timePrepositions of time 6-6 Word order: place and timeWord order: place and time 6-7 Subject – verb agreementSubject – verb agreement 6-8 Using adjectives to describe nounsUsing adjectives to describe nouns 6-9 Using nouns as adjectivesUsing nouns as adjectives 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objectsPersonal pronouns: subjects and objects 6-11 Possessive nounsPossessive nouns 6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectivesPossessive pronouns and adjectives 6-13 Reflexive pronounsReflexive pronouns 6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the otherSingular forms of other: another vs. the other 6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s) 6-16 Summary of forms of otherPlural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)Summary of forms of other CONTENTS

2 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS one potato six potatoes

3 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one dream two dreams one boat two boats one shoe two shoes (a) most plural nouns add –s

4 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one wish two wishes one latch two latches one glass two glasses one mix two mixes (b) add –es endings: –sh, –ch, –ss, –x

5 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one story two stories one party two parties (c) –y –i and add –es endings: consonant + –y

6 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one boy two boys one ray two rays (d) add –s endings: vowel + –y

7 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one life two lives one elf two elves (e) –fe or –f –ves endings: –fe or –f Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cliffs

8 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS PLURAL one potato two potatoes one piano two pianos one zero two zeroes/zeros (f) sometimes –oes sometimes –os endings: –o SINGULAR

9 6-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one child two children one goose two geese one tooth two teeth (g) irregular plural forms

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one deer two deer one sheep two sheep one species two species (h) plural form = singular form

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL one bacterium two bacteria one cactus two cacti one crisis two crises one phenomenon two phenomena (i) foreign plurals

LET’S PRACTICE one goat two ______ goats

LET’S PRACTICE one apemany ____ apes

LET’S PRACTICE one stitchmany ______ stitches

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES cats = cat/z/

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/ bikes = bike/s/ /s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/ bikes = bike/s/ /s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds examples: /t/, /p/, /k/

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (b) reads= read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/ /z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (b) reads = read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/ /z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds examples : /d/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /b/, all vowel sounds

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catch/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/ / z/ adds a syllable –s/–es pronounced / z/ ә ә ә ә ә ә ә ә

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES (c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catches/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/ ә ә ә ә ә ә / z/ adds a syllable -s/-es pronounced / z/ after –sh, –ch, –s, –z, –ge / –dge sounds ә ә

22 cupcakes = cupcake__ 6-2 LET’S PRACTICE a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e /s/

23 watches = watch___ 6-2 LET’S PRACTICE a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e / z/ e

24 cars = car__ 6-2 LET’S PRACTICE a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/ e /z/

SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS The boys are happy.

SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS Birds noun verb SUBJECT (b) swim. fly. (a) Fish A SUBJECT is a noun.

SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS Birds noun verb VERB (b) swim. fly. (a) Fish A sentence has SUBJECT and VERB.

28 (d) have 6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS Birds noun verb noun OBJECT have (c) Fish wings. The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. gills.

LET’S PRACTICE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT JennastudiesItalian. ???

LET’S PRACTICE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT Zebrashavestripes. ???

LET’S PRACTICE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT Horsesloveapples. ???

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS He skied down the mountain.

33 Prepositional Phrase = PREPOSITION + OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION 6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS subject verb object prep. object of prep. Lenny wrote a book about dolphins. (a) of prep. The snow fell on the trees. (b) subject verb object prep. object

LET’S PRACTICE They are subject verb object prep. object of prep. hats.wearing

LET’S PRACTICE Theyare subject verb object prep. object of prep. hatswearingontheir heads.

LET’S PRACTICE The game subject verb object prep. object of prep. went into overtime.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME She has a piano lesson at 4:30 on Tuesdays.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME IN (a) I hope to see you in the future. (b) I like a cup of tea in the morning. in + the past, the present, the future in + the morning, the afternoon, the evening

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME IN (c) We start school in September. (d) My son was born in (e) We are in the twenty-first century. (f) The leaves are beautiful in the fall. in + a month a year a century a season

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ON (g) They got married on February 14. (h) Her violin lesson is on Monday. (i) We eat out on Sunday afternoons. on + a date on + a weekday on + a weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AT (j) We usually have lunch at noon. (k) She has an appointment at 3:15. (l) I’m using the computer at the moment. at + noon, night, midnight at + “clock time” at + present, the moment, the present time

LET’S PRACTICE in on at I like to read __ the evening. in A friend gave me a book for my birthday __ “May 3 ”. on

LET’S PRACTICE in on at I hope to get a good job __ the future.in I have an interview __ June 8 __ 3:00.onat I will graduate __ 2012.in

WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME Laurette moved to Seattle in 2008.

WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME SV Alba went to Rome in October. (a) PLACE TIME placetime Alba went in October to Rome.

46 We visited a friend in Caracas in WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME SV (b) PT S-V-O-P-T = Subject – Verb – Object – Place – Time O S-V-O-P-T = a basic English sentence structure.

WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME SV In October, Alba went to Rome. (c) PLACE TIME time expression sentence, Last week, she went to the park. (d)

48 went 6-6 LET’S PRACTICE Create a sentence SheAlaskaJuly 7, She wentAlaska July 7,to on to

49 Last spring 6-6 LET’S PRACTICE Create a sentence. toMoscowwe movedLast spring we movedto Moscow.

50 to dance lessonson Fridays. They go 6-6 LET’S PRACTICE Create another sentence. to dance lessonsthey go Fridays they go to dance lessons.On Fridays, OR on

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT The history of the pyramids is very interesting.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT SINGULAR (a) The earth spins. (b) Dogs bark. singular subject singular verb plural subject plural verb PLURAL verb + -s noun + -s

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT SINGULAR (c) Our teacher comes from Madrid. (d) Our teacher and her son come from Madrid. subject + and + subject plural verb PLURAL

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (e) The giant pandas in the zoo eat bamboo. (f) That money in my back pocket is for the rent. phrases between subject & verb don’t change subject / verb agreement

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (g) There is a star in the sky. (h) There are many stars in the sky. There + be + subject something in a place v s verb agrees with noun that follows be

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (i) Every star is shining. (j) Everybody/Everyone loves ice cream. Every a singular word Subjects with every a singular verb Every stars

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (k) People in Honduras speak Spanish. People a plural noun takes a plural verb

LET’S PRACTICE The morning air feels refreshing. subject ? verb correct ? yes no yes ____

59 ____ 6-7 LET’S PRACTICE Everybody like dancing. subject ? verb correct ? yes no

LET’S PRACTICE The students in this class work hard. subject ? verb correct ? yes no yes ____

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS The young man is a talented musician.

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS (a) Marcela has a blue car. words that describe nouns adjectives ADJ NOUN

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS (b) The small child is sitting in a large chair. (c) The colorful sunset makes a lovely picture. (d) The baby elephants stay near the adult elephants. adjectives “modify” nouns

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS (e) Elephants are interesting animals. adjectives no plural form Elephants are interestings animals.

65 (f) Marcela has a blue car. Marcela has a car blue. (g) Orchids are expensive. (h) Her hair is red. adjectives + nouns main verb + adjectives be 6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

LET’S PRACTICE The playful lions are enjoying the cool weather. Find the Adjective(s)

LET’S PRACTICE Find the Adjective(s) The long movie bored my impatient friend.

LET’S PRACTICE Cows are farm animals, but lions are wild animals. Find the Adjective(s)

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES I use a computer mouse.

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES (a) Kids love water slides.

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES (a) Kids love water slides. (b) The night market has fruits and vegetables.

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES (a) Kids love water slides. (b) The night market has fruits and vegetables. (c) waters slides (d) a nights market noun used as adjective singular

LET’S PRACTICE He is writing a report about his research. Nouns ?

LET’S PRACTICE He is writing a report about his research. It is a ________ report. Nouns research

LET’S PRACTICE We use computers in the lab. Nouns ?

LET’S PRACTICE We use computers in the lab. It is a _________ lab. Nouns computer

LET’S PRACTICE He is a clown in the circus. Nouns ?

LET’S PRACTICE He is a clown in the circus. He is a ______ clown. Nouns circus

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS Gina is running fast. She is late for work.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS SUBJECT PRONOUNS: OBJECT PRONOUNS: PERSONAL PRONOUNS I we you he, she, it they me us you him, her, it them (a) Emma is a professor. She has a PhD. (b) Bill is a kind person. I like him very much. Emma sheBill him

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS SUBJECT PRONOUNS: OBJECT PRONOUNS: PERSONAL PRONOUNS I we you he, she, it they me us you him, her, it them (c) Marcela has a new blue car. It is nice. new blue car it

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS SUBJECT PRONOUNS: OBJECT PRONOUNS: PERSONAL PRONOUNS I we you he, she, it they me us you him, her, it them (d) Ahmid and I are teachers. (e) Mary met Ahmid and me at our school. (f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me. S pronoun part of subject subject pronoun pronoun part of object object pronoun O O of PREP

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS (d) Ahmid and I are teachers. (e) Mary also works with Ahmid and me. (f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me. pronoun part of subject subject pronoun pronoun part of object object pronoun Ahmid and me are teachers. Mary works with Ahmid and I.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS SINGULAR PRONOUNS: PLURAL PRONOUNS: I me you he, she, it him, her we us you they them (g) Emma works hard. She is a good teacher. (h) The exams are long. They can be difficult. (i) My husband and I like to travel. We often fly. singular pronouns singular nouns plural pronoun plural nouns

LET’S PRACTICE I me Do you want to go for a walk with Spot and ___ ? me

LET’S PRACTICE I me Waldo and ___ usually walk him at night.I

LET’S PRACTICE they them I bought some peaches at the store. I will serve ____ for dessert tonight. them

POSSESSIVE NOUNS I try to remember my classmates’ names.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name? ‘ PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names? PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names? ‘ ‘ SINGULAR (d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name (e) Miles Miles’/Miles’s name

POSSESSIVE NOUNS SINGULAR (d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name (e) Miles Miles’/Miles’ name SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s two possibilities

POSSESSIVE NOUNS SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name? ‘ PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names? PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names? ‘ ‘ PLURAL (f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names (g) men men’s names children the children’s names

POSSESSIVE NOUNS PLURAL (f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names (g) men men’s names children the children’s names PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + -s + apostrophe IRREGULAR PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s

POSSESSIVE NOUNS COMPARE (h) Camilla’s here. (i) Camilla’s son is here. Camilla’s = Camilla + is Camilla’s = a possessive

LET’S PRACTICE The __________ drawing is almost complete.engineer’s 1. engineer’s 2. engineers’

LET’S PRACTICE 1. engineer’s 2. engineers’ The __________ drawing is for a new symphony hall. engineers ’ Sometimes people work in teams.

LET’S PRACTICE The __________ drawings are almost complete. engineers ’ A project may require multiple drawings. 1. engineer’s 2. engineers’

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES That suitcase is mine. It is my suitcase.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES The suitcase belongs to me. (a) It’s mine. (b) It is my suitcase. same meaning possessive pronoun possessive adjective

99 used aloneused only with a noun 6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (c) I have mine. I have my suitcase. (d) You have yours. You have your suitcase. (e) She has hers. She has her suitcase. (f) He has his. He has his suitcase. (g) We have ours. We have our suitcases. (h) You have yours. You have your suitcase. (i) They have theirs. They have their suitcases. (j) I have a suitcase. Its handle is broken. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES COMPARE its vs. it’s: its= a possessive adjective it’s = contraction of it + is (k) I read a great book. Its title is Moby Dick. (l) It’s wonderful to read a good book.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (m) The travelers have their suitcases. (n) The suitcases are over there. (o) They’re very heavy. COMPARE their vs. there vs. they’re possessive adjective an expression of place they + are sound the same

LET’S PRACTICE it’s its The elephant is spraying sand on ___ back with ___ trunk. ___ fun to watch! It’s its

LET’S PRACTICE People should cover _____ mouths when they sneeze. their her there their

LET’S PRACTICE 1. their 2. there 3. they’re This team is working on a report. _____ boss wants it by tomorrow. ______ working as fast as possible. They can finish on time if _____ aren’t any new problems. Their They’re there

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS They can see themselves in the water.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS subject & object are same person myself(a)I can see myself in the water. yourself(b)You saw yourself. herself(c)She saw herself. himself(d)He saw himself. itself(e)It saw itself. ourselves(f)We saw ourselves. yourselves (g)You saw yourselves. themselves(h)They saw themselves.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS by + reflexive pronoun = alone (i) Angela is lonely when she eats out by herself. (j) Sometimes I enjoy eating by myself.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS enjoy (and other verbs) reflexive pronoun (k) Angela usually enjoys herself. pinch yourselfbe proud of yourself kill yourself help yourself blame yourself teach yourself

LET’S PRACTICE myself yourself herself itself ourselves We all enjoy seeing old pictures of _________. ourselves

LET’S PRACTICE myself yourself herself ourselves themselves When people talk on cell phones, it can look as if they are talking to __________. themselves

LET’S PRACTICE myself yourself herself itself ourselves If cities had eyes, this one could see ______ in the water. itself

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER May I have another piece of pizza?

113 another – “one more of a group” another = an + other 6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER ANOTHER (a) I already ate one cookie, but I want another one.

114 the other – “last one in a specific group” 6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER (b) I’ll eat one cookie. I’ll give you the other one.

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER (c) He ate one cookie. another cookie. another one. another. Then he ate

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER (c) He ate one cookie. another cookie. another one. another. Then he ate (d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie. the other one. the other. Then he ate Simone, the animation for part (c) works, but we need to get rid of the animation and cookies for part (d)

117 another, the other can be adjectives noun 6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER (c) He ate one cookie. another cookie. another one. another. Then he ate (d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie. the other one. the other. Then he ate or alone as pronouns

LET’S PRACTICE My TV broke, so I bought _______ one. another the other another

LET’S PRACTICE Here are two animals. One is a guinea pig; _______ is a mouse. another the other

LET’S PRACTICE Here are three animals. One is a guinea pig. ________ is an elephant. ________ is a dog. another the other The other Another

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S) There are other paintings in Mary’s studio.

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S) There are many paintings in Mary’s studio. Mary is working on one of them. (a) There are other paintings on the wall. (b) There are other ones on the chair. (adjective) + (noun) (adjective) + (ones) several more out of a group other + plural noun or ones OTHER(S)

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S) (c) There are others on the wall. (pronoun) others = other paintings OTHER(S)

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S) There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them. (d) Lin is going to buy the other paintings. (e) Lin is going to buy the other ones. (adjective) + (noun) last ones in a group THE OTHER(S) the other + (noun or ones) (adjective) + (ones)

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S) There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them. (f) Lin is going to buy the others. THE OTHER(S) (pronoun) the others = other paintings

LET’S PRACTICE One of these fruits is a lemon, and _______ is a pear. the other other others the other the others

LET’S PRACTICE One of these fruits is an orange; ________ are both apples. the others other others the other the others

128 I ate one kebab, but I’m still hungry. I want to eat ________ one LET’S PRACTICE another other others the other the others

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER Another cookie, please.

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER SINGULAR ADJECTIVE I think I’ll have another cookie. SINGULAR PRONOUN I’ll have another too, please.

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER PLURAL ADJECTIVE The chocolate ones are good, but I like the other cookies better. SINGULAR PRONOUN Some of the cookies are chocolate; others are vanilla creme.

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER Ben will eat one cookie and leave the other cookie for Rachel. SINGULAR ADJECTIVE Ben will eat one and leave the other for Rachel. SINGULAR PRONOUN

133 Jill will eat one and leave the others for Ahmed SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER Jill will eat one cookie and leave the other cookies for Ahmed. PLURAL ADJECTIVE PLURAL PRONOUN other + -s only as a plural pronoun

LET’S PRACTICE One of our friends wants to go to the movies. _________ wants to go dancing. _________ want to stay home and play video games. Another The others other the other others the others another

LET’S PRACTICE Two of the triplets are girls. _________ is a boy. The other other the other others the others another

LET’S PRACTICE One thing to do for good health is to eat healthy food. _______ one is to have hobbies. _______ things include exercising and sleeping well. A very important one is not to smoke. Another Other other the other others the others another

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