by: Elora Zavala and Hallesha Williams The Eye by: Elora Zavala and Hallesha Williams Make your edits, comment, or ask questions about what I did.

General Facts of the Eye Purpose: to help see what is around you. About 1 inch in diameter Made up of 3 layers Outermost Cornea Sclera Middle Layer Choroid Ciliary Body Iris Innermost Retina we should change the purpose to something that sounds smarter lol

Cornea Clear, dome shaped surface that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Most powerful lens that has no blood vessels Contains Five Layers Epithelium Anterior Elastic Lamina Substantia Propria Posterior Elastic Lamina Corneal Endothemlium

Sclera White protective part of the eye Has Four layers Episclera Stroma Lamina Fusca Endothelium

Choroid Layer of blood vessels between the retina and sclera Supplies blood to retina

Ciliary Body Where aqueous humor is produced Attached to lens by zonules Also controls focus by changing the shape of the lens.

Iris Colored part of the eye that is surrounded by sclera Ring of muscle fibers located behind cornea and in front of lens. Consists of two layers Pigmented Epithelial Cells Pigmented Fibrovascular Tissue (Stroma) Connected to a sphincter muscle that controls dilation and contraction of pupil. Helps protect the sensitive retina

Retina Thin nerve membrane that detects light entering the eye

Retinal Blood Vessels Supply blood to the retina and are visible to the eye Located in the choroid just beneath retina

Retinal Pigment Epithelium Layer of cells between the retina and choroid Melanin in the RPE gets rid of waste products

Pupil The opening in the iris. Pupil size is seen by the iris contraction or dilations.

Crystalline Lens Located behind the cornea, normally clear Light passes through pupil to lens Small muscles attached to lens

Vitreous Humor Jelly like, thick liquid that fills the eye to help maintain its shape Located between the the lens and retina Drains back into the blood through canals of schlemm

Canals of Schlemm Located around the perimeter of the iris Allows vitreous gel (or aqueous humor) to drain back into blood stream I don’t understand this in your notes --I just added a pic :P

Vitreous Cavity The space between the lens and retina filled with gel.

Visual Fields Retina of each eye has two sections Nasal Retina (Yellow) Temporal Retina (Green)

Optic Nerve The nerve at the back of the eye that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. Blind spot comes from the optic disc located near the optic nerve.

Macula Near the center of the retina at the back of the eyeball. This part of the eye gives us our 20/20 vision.

Fovea Indentation in the center of the macula Is responsible for our highest visual acuity The center of our central vision

Uvea Middle vascular layer of the eye Three Parts Iris Ciliary Body Choroid

Zonules Hundreds of string like fibers that hold in position Enable it to change shape for near or distant vision

Fluid Chambers of the Eye Anterior Chamber Space between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor. Aqueous Humor Fluid produced in the eye Posterior Chamber Space between iris and lens filled with aqueous humor.

Muscles of the Eye Ciliary Muscle Changes the shape of the lens Flattens lens for distance vision Contracts for closer vision Produces aqueous humor. I think there is more muscles than this… Ill look

Muscles of Eye cont. Muscles located OUTSIDE of the eye Superior Rectus - rotates the eye upwards Inferior Rectus - rotates the eye downwards Medial Rectus - rotates the eye towards the nose Lateral Rectus - rotates the eye towards the ear Superior Oblique - aids in upward movement Inferior Oblique - aids in downward movement

Muscles of the Eye: cont. Gonna need more info on this --previous slide

Accessory Organs Eyelashes/Eyebrows Conjunctiva Specialized hairs that protect the eye for dust and insects Conjunctiva Thin, clear membrane located on the rim of bottom inner eyelids and covering front of the eye. Cells produce mucous to help lubricate the eye Inflammation is conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye.

Accessory Organs: cont. Eye Socket Cone shaped bone cavity that protects the eye Padded with fatty tissue Eyelids Protects and lubricates the eye Lines the inner edge of the eyelid.

Accessory Organs: cont. Tarsus Supports the eyelid skin Gives the lid its- Strength Shape Place for muscles to attach

Accessory Organs: cont Lacrimal Sac Drains tears and other debris from eye Lacrimal Glands Releases tears and other protective fluid onto the surface of the eye Keeps cornea from being dehydrated

Accessory Organs: cont. Visual Cortex Part of the brain that processes and combines visual information both eyes and converts it into sight Visual Axis Imaginary line drawn from the center of the pupil to the center of fovea. Fixation Point comes from the visual axis

Accessory Organs: cont. Optic Chiasm First part of the brain to receive visual input Each eye takes a slightly different picture of the world

Neurons Ganglion Cells Located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye. Receives visual information from photoreceptors via 2 intermediate neuron types: Bipolar and Amacrine cells. Amacrine Cells Considered a supplement to the action of horizontal cells Horizontal Cells Allows eyes to adjust to the bright and dim lights around them Bipolar Cells Transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells Refer to picture

Neurons: cont. Pigment Epithelium Rods/Cons Shields the retina from excess incoming light Rods/Cons AKA Photoreceptors Found in the retina. Convert light into signals that can stimulate biological processes.

Cranial Nerves (involved with sight) Optic (II) Sensory Sensory fibers transmit impulses associated with sense of vision Oculomotor (III) Motor fibers transmit impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move the eyes, adjust amount of light that enters the eye, and focuses the lenses

Cranial Nerves cont. Trochlear (IV) Opthalmic Abducens (VI) Motor fibers transmit impulses to muscles that move the eyes Opthalmic Sensory fibers transmit impulses from the surfaces of the eyes, tear glands, upper eyelids, etc. Abducens (VI) Motor fibers transmit impulses to the muscles that move the eys

Visual Receptors Visual receptor cells are a layer of rods and cones (the photoreceptor cells I mentioned earlier) that aid in visual inside of retina Each rod or cone contains a pigment that absorbs a certain type of wavelength better than others WHAT??!! I don’t get what you wrote Ill change it lol Better? --Kinda but it seems to “chill”..

Refraction Makes image formation possible When light travels through the lens it’s path is bent or refracted. The eye itself, sees an image upside down but the signal to the brain flips it right side up. You don’t think she will want more detail than this? Idk just a thought --I think ill probably speak for this.. Plus I just added a bullet ^^^

Pigments Iodopsin Rhodopsin a violet light-sensitive pigment in the cones of the retina of the eye that is responsible for color vision The pigment sensitive to red light in the retinal rods of the eyes, consisting of opsin and retinene. Also called visual purple

Dark VS Light Vision Dark Light Rods are responsible Only can tell between black and white shade. Provides enhanced sensitivity Cons are responsible Eyes can see best in Responsible for color and fine detail. Goes with retina… plus I don’t understand your notes o.o

Convergent VS Divergent Waves Convergent Waves Divergent Waves Eyes begin to look inward AKA Crossed Eyed Eyes begin to look outward AKA Lazy Eye

Stereoscopic Vision AKA Binocular Vision Provides information to the brain to find the depth of the visual scene which is also known as 3D sight

EYE SEE YOU! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvozcv8pS3c

Works Citied http://www.aoa.org/x5352.xml http://www.allaboutvision.com/eye-exam/refraction.htm http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/rfreye.html http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/b41.htm http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units14to17/unit15/retina.htm http://www.99main.com/~charlief/Blindness.htm http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/structures-of-the-eye http://www.yorku.ca/eye/blndspot.htm http://www.ophthobook.com/chapters/anatomy http://www.stlukeseye.com/anatomy/ciliary.html http://www.gopetsamerica.com/anatomy/iodopsin.aspx http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/eye/rhodopsn.htm http://www.shreveporteyeclinic.com/humaneye_anatomy_details.asp http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1492139