Technical options for placement of CO 2 in the maritime area by Paul Freund
Placement of CO 2 in marine area Overview Introduction Where will the CO 2 come from? How will it be brought to site? How could it be stored? Progress Conclusions
Introduction Responding to Climate Change Wide variety of mitigation options Capture and storage of CO 2 is one method of reducing emissions No single technique can solve the problem of climate change Capture and storage of CO 2 has potential to reduce the cost of meeting climate goals Purpose of this talk is to introduce the technology of CO 2 storage
Global sources of CO 2 Opportunities for Emission reduction Cost of capture depends on CO 2 concentration Early opportunities in NH 3 plant, H 2 plant, etc. Emissions, Mt CO 2 /y
Capture & Store CO 2 Example: power generation Mainly N 2, H 2 O to atmosphere CO 2 Flue gases Compression Fossil fuel combustion Turbines CO 2 Separation Storage
CO 2 capture at AES Warrior Run
Capturing CO 2 Other methods are under development: Pre-combustion decarbonisation Pre-combustion removal of nitrogen
Transporting CO 2 - pipelines Photo: Dakota Gasification CO 2 pipeline: 3100 km in use today Capacity > 110 Mt/y
Transporting CO 2 - ships CO 2 tanker: Long distance shipping could be done by tanker Construction similar to LPG tanker Δ cost Similar to long distance pipeline
Storage of CO 2 Must be Safe and secure Verifiable Of sufficient capacity to make a difference Capable of isolating the CO 2 for 1000s of years Natural reservoirs have sufficient capacity: Geological formations Deep ocean
Ocean storage of CO 2 Options Injection onto sea-floor Dispersion at mid-depth Formation of CO 2 -hydrate at depth Mineral neutralization All just concepts Many outstanding issues This is NOT the subject of today’s meeting
Geological Storage of CO 2 Storage options Deep saline aquifers Depleted oil fields Natural gas fields Unminable coal measures
Geological Storage Capacity Global Storage Potential 40 Gt CO 2 <2% of Emissions to 2050 ~ 3000 Gt CO 2 ~ 150% of Emissions to Gt CO 2 45% of Emissions to 2050 Comparative potentials at storage costs of up to $20/t CO 2
Geological Storage of CO 2 Component parts: Site selection Formation depth, capacity, rock properties, location Cap-rock, faults and other penetrations Environmental impact and Risk assessments Drilling injection wells Pressurisation and Injection of CO 2 Remediation in case of leaks Monitoring During injection Once CO 2 is in the reservoir
CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery CO 2 Injection Production Well CO 2 Oil Recycled CO 2
CO 2 Re-injection – Natural Gas If natural gas contains too much CO 2, it must be removed before the gas is sent to market Current application of CO 2 Capture Established practice is to vent CO 2 after capture Better environmental practice = store CO 2 Examples: Sleipner K-12B In Salah Snøhvit Gorgon
Sleipner project Courtesy of Statoil
Sleipner CO 2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil Sleipner T Utsira Formation Production and Injection Wells CO 2 CO 2 Injection Well Sleipner A Gas from Sleipner Vest
Gorgon Gas Field Courtesy of ChevronTexaco
Gorgon LNG plant with CO 2 capture Courtesy of ChevronTexaco
Snøhvit CO 2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil
Snøhvit - Pipelines Courtesy of Statoil Depth: 330 m Distance 160 km
Monitoring CO 2 injection & storage Reason for monitoring include: Establish baseline conditions Ensure effective injection controls Locate the CO 2 plume Assess integrity of wells Confirm storage efficiency and calibrate models Detect and quantify seepage / assess impacts For accounting purposes In relation to legal disputes Reassure the public about storage of CO 2
Monitoring of CO 2 Possible monitoring techniques: Pressure - Wellhead and/or Formation Injection Rate Well Logs, Fluid and Gas Composition Seismic Monitoring Electrical and Electromagnetic Monitoring Gravity Monitoring Tilt Measurements Airborne or Satellite Imaging CO 2 Flux Monitoring Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration Micro Seismicity
History match courtesy of Sintef Petroleum Seismic Analysis
Conclusions Geological storage of Captured CO 2 Offers significant capacity for avoiding CO 2 emissions Would make a difference to climate change Makes use of established technologies for injection and monitoring Several examples now in operation/planned These will serve as demonstrations which will influence attitudes.