Fort Sill: Valuable Resource on the Southern Plains Lesson Plan By Lynn Tilley, NBCT and OKAGE TC Library Media Specialist Comanche Public Schools Comanche, Oklahoma ltilley@comanche.k12.ok.us http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oklahoma/Fort%20sill,%20Caleb%20Henry%20Carlton,%201889-500.jpg

Throughout history, progress or change has had both positive and negative effects on humans and the environment. How one perceives the change, as either good or bad, is influenced by one’s perspective or relationship to the change that is happening.

Manifest Destiny was a belief widely held in the 1800s that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent.

The painting American Progress in 1872 by John Gast was an http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_progress.JPG The painting American Progress in 1872 by John Gast was an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west.

George Catlin Painting 1844 This idea affected people in different ways, especially Native Americans whose lands were being encroached upon or taken. http://www.georgecatlin.org/Sioux-Indians-hunting-buffalo,-1835.jpg http://urbane-chaos.hubpages.com/hub/OklahomaHistoryPioneerLife George Catlin Painting 1844 Buffalo Hunt Chase Settlers in Oklahoma 1886

Many tribes fought back. The Indian Wars (1860-1890) Geronimo and his warriors 1886 before his surrender to General Crook While settlers were eager and joyful at the prospect of land ownership, native tribes fought back in what was called the Indian Wars (1860-1890). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geronimo_and_his_warriors.jpg Many tribes fought back. The Indian Wars (1860-1890)

http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH/Map14-35.jpg

Fort Sill – Date Unknown – Most Likely Late 1800s http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Bird's_eye_view_of_old_Fort_Sill.jpg Fort Sill was established by Major General Philip H. Sheridan, January 8, 1869, during a massive winter campaign against the Indians. It is the only active Army installation built during the Indian Wars that survives today.

1st Lieut. Henry Jackson’s, U.S. 7th Cavalry, http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~232~20043:Indian-Territory-With-Parts-Of-Neig 1st Lieut. Henry Jackson’s, U.S. 7th Cavalry, 1869 Map of Indian Territory

The area was first visited in 1834 by the First Dragoon George Catlin Painting Comanche Warriors, with White Flag, Receiving the Dragoons http://americanart.si.edu/images/1985/1985.66.353_1b.jpg The area was first visited in 1834 by the First Dragoon Expedition from Fort Gibson. Led by General Henry Leavenworth, and later Col. Henry Dodge, members of the expedition included artist George Catlin, and 1st Lt. Jefferson Davis.

Forts, Camps, and Military Roads 1817 -1876 http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~prsjr/families/ok/maps/map_027.jpg Forts, Camps, and Military Roads 1817 -1876

http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_S http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_S._Soule_-_Medicine_Bluff.jpg/800px-William_S._Soule_-_Medicine_Bluff.jpg Winter of 1868-1869 Photo of Col. Benjamin Grierson and some of his officers at Medicine Bluff Creek. Medicine Bluff, sacred to Native Americans, can be seen in the background. Col. Grierson was Fort Sill’s first Commanding Officer.

Col. Benjamin Grierson was a distinguished military officer with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_H_Grierson.JPG Col. Benjamin Grierson was a distinguished military officer with many contributions to our nation during his military career. Of note, he organized the 10th U.S. Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers), supervised the building of Fort Sill, and saved the life of visiting General William Sherman during a confrontation with Kiowa warriors at Fort Sill, May 27, 1871.

1885 view of Sherman House at Fort Sill http://sill-www.army.mil/Museum/FSNHLM/img/P1446.png 1885 view of Sherman House at Fort Sill Traditional home of Commanding General Place where Gen. Sherman incident took place

Sherman House as it looks at Fort Sill today http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/display/2dba4356-1c67-452b-8a79-1a027f2a2d2c.JPG Sherman House as it looks at Fort Sill today

http://cdn.supadupa.me/shop/14281/images/1081392/oklahoma_1869_16__19_5_frame_grande.jpg?1375922182 Indian Territory 1869

Fort Sill continued to grow. Early day photo of Fort Sill http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/images/oldftsill2.jpg Fort Sill continued to grow.

1890s Children being sprinkled with a water http://sill-www.army.mil/Museum/FSNHLM/img/P1279.png 1890s Children being sprinkled with a water Hose by Lt. Tommy Tompkins, 7th Cavalry. http://sill-www.army.mil/Museum/FSNHLM/ http://sill-www.army.mil/museum/_img/guard.jpg Old Guard House http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/a/images/AP003A.jpg

1896 – Children’s school held in post chapel. http://sill-www.army.mil/Museum/FSNHLM/img/P2703.png 1896 – Children’s school held in post chapel.

1890 – Kiowa & Comanche Camp near Fort Sill, Indian Territory. http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth17159/m1/1/med_res/ 1890 – Kiowa & Comanche Camp near Fort Sill, Indian Territory.

In its one hundred forty-four year history, Fort Sill’s mission has evolved, yet the value of its human resources remains the same. Many different individuals have spent time at Fort Sill and made their mark on history. Others perhaps remained nameless, yet were just as valuable in the settlement of Indian Territory (later Oklahoma) and our nation. Though standing on both sides of the concept of Manifest Destiny, they have each made valuable contributions to our changing nation.

Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Calvary were stationed at Fort Sill. http://www.rough-riders-buffalo-soldiers.com/menu.html Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Calvary were stationed at Fort Sill. This is photo of Rough Rider Buffalo Soldiers in late 1890s in Spanish-American War.

1900 - At Fort Sill, a Dutch Reformed Church mission worker, http://blog.nmai.si.edu/main/2011/05/too-long-a-way-home-healing-journey-of-the-chiricahua-apaches.html 1900 - At Fort Sill, a Dutch Reformed Church mission worker, Miss Vos, teaches kitchen work to Apache girls.

Poster showing continuing sales of Indian Land in the late 1890s. http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=6 Poster showing continuing sales of Indian Land in the late 1890s. How might these Native Americans have felt about Manifest Destiny?

Comanche Chief Quanah Parker Living in a changing world http://education.texashistory.unt.edu/lessons/primary%20source%20sets/Quanah%20Parker/images/metapth29402_l_02020202_QuanahParker.jpg http://www.pan-tex.net/usr/p/pampa-hist/quannah_.gif pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Quanahbusiness.GIF Comanche Chief Quanah Parker Living in a changing world

Star House – Home of Comanche Chief Quanah Parker http://www.whitworthfamily.org/images/Star%20House-Quanah%20Parker%20s%20Home-01.jpg Star House – Home of Comanche Chief Quanah Parker near Fort Sill

Children of Quanah Parker http://www.firstpeople.us/photographs/Children-of-Quanah-Parker-Comanche-1892.html Children of Quanah Parker Living in two worlds

Col. George A. Custer also spent time at Fort Sill. http://i.historyorb.com/george-armstrong-custer.jpg Col. George A. Custer also spent time at Fort Sill.

Geronimo and Son Natches Geronimo and Family at Fort Sill http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Geronimo,_Natches,_son_of_Geronimo_(From_L._D._Greene_Album)._-_NARA_-_533085.jpg http://transcriptions.english.ucsb.edu/archive/topics/weaving-webs/images/geronimo.jpg http://www.ausbcomp.com/%5C~bbott/cars/1905Loco/GERONIMOB.JPG Geronimo and Son Natches Geronimo and Family at Fort Sill Geronimo in 1905 Automobile 101 Ranch, I.T.

What were their contributions at Fort Sill? http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-39shWKjIEMk/TsAiViJ0VjI/AAAAAAAAAx0/DohP6tDuAeY/s1600/300px-Henry_O._FlipperFtSill.jpg http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v013/v013p341.html http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=view_image&document_id=101370&file_name=h004054 Cadet Henry O. Flipper Sergeant I-See-O Kiowa Indian Scout Col. Albert Gallatin Boone What were their contributions at Fort Sill?

To discover how the life of an Your Assignment: To discover how the life of an individual, or group of individuals, was associated with Fort Sill in the 1800s, what contribution they made either to the local area, Indian Territory (later Oklahoma) , or to our Nation, and what their perspective might have been regarding the idea of Manifest Destiny.

http://sill-www.army.mil/_images/_header/fcoe-logo.png http://media.kval.com/images/gatekval.jpg