The Elizabethan Settlement & Protestantism During the Early Years The Queen’s Accession Promise of Regime Change Education & Character Early Leadership in State & Church William Cecil, Nicholas Bacon Matthew Parker, John Jewel The First Parliament Diversity of the Bodies Legislation Later Reinforcements The Church of England The Latitude of Protestantism Securing the Settlement The Succession Crisis Suitors at Home & Abroad Coronation Portrait, 17 th Cent. Copy

Elizabeth at the Accession: November 17, 1558 Promise of Regime Change Swings of Mid-Tudor Years Searching for Stability Nicodemism Education Tutors: Kate Astley, William Grindal, Roger Ascham; Internationals Languages: Latin, Greek; French, Italian; Spanish, German Translations of Moderns & Ancients Character Judicious; Protestant (“old” or “odd”) Conservative Tastes (Crucifix) Semper Eadem (Always the Same) Prayers > Sermons Ascham’s Book, London, 1571

Early Leadership in State & Church William Cecil (1520/1-98) St. John’s, Cambridge Principal Secretary, ‘58-72 Personal Friend of the Queen Lead Administrator; Busy Desk Conservative Protestantism Firmly Anti-Catholic Religion as Tied to Politics Seen by Some as “Lutheran” Nicholas Bacon ( ) Broad & Legal Education Moderate Protestantism Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, ‘58 Lord Chancellor Privy Councelor Cecil, c. 1560

Early Leadership Con’t Matthew Parker ( ) Corpus Christi, Cambridge Royal Chaplain under H8 International Contact – Bucer Firm Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury, ‘59 John Jewel ( ) Corpus Christi, Cambridge Humanist Scholar International Contact – Vermigli Exile: Frankfurt, Strasbourg, Zürich Bishop of Salisbury, ’59/60 Matthew Parker, Master of and Benefactor to C.C.C.C. (i.e. The Parker Library)

The First Parliament, Jan. – May, 1559 Diversity of the Bodies Marian Bishops Religious Exiles Nicodemites & Moderates Spectrum of Opinions Conservative Lords (Opposition) Reformed, Lay Commons (Support) Question of Direction; “Mingle-Mangle” Legislation Act of Supremacy “Supreme Governor” Not “Head” Act of Uniformity 1552 Prayer Book Vestments & Eucharist E.R.’s Personal Tastes Book of Common Prayer, 1559

Later Reinforcements The Church of England Jewel’s Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae ‘62 Latin Edition for International Audience English for Domestic Cecil, Parker Involved Reconciling Protestant Division Lutherans, Zwinglians Stridently Anti-Papal (Trent) International, pan-Protestant C. of England The Latitude of Protestantism The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, ’63 Statement of Protestant Doctrines Firmly Opposed to Roman Catholicism Downplaying Differences Among Protestants Deliberate Ambiguity: Eucharist, Predestination Jewel’s Apologia, 1562

Securing the Settlement The Succession Question & Crisis Single, 25 Years Old Smallpox, 1562 After Elizabeth, Who? Mary, Queen of Scots Need for an Heir Suitors at Home & Abroad Robert Dudley (son of John, D. N’land) Master of the Horse, E. Leicester Austria, Saxony, Holstein, Scandinavia France, Spain, Italy Situation of Elizabethan England & Europe Intimately Connected Religion: Protestant Leader Politics: Third Power (Spain, France) Matrimony: Uncertainty Robert Dudley, c. 1564