7 Unit 1 Chapter 7

7 Unit 1 Places where bones meet Classified structurally by anatomy Classified structurally by motion

7 Unit 1 Based on material between bones Fibrous joints- no cavity just fiberous Connective tissue Cartilaginous joints- bones held together by cartilage Synovial joints- have synovial cavity and dense irregular tissue of articular capsule and often ligaments

7 Unit 1 Synarthrosis- immoveable pelvis, sutures,, teeth Amphiarthrosis- slight movement Epiphysis, tibia-fibula, vertebrae and pelvic symphysis Diarthroses- free movement= synovial defined by movement

7 Unit 1 Little or no movement Suture- e.g. skull (synarthrosis) joined by thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis- e.g.tibia & fibula= amphiarthrosis Greater distance and amount of dense fibrous material Gomphosis- e.g. tooth root in socket = synarthrosis

Figure 7.1a

Figure 7.1b

Figure 7.1c

7 Unit 1 Synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage E.g epiphyseal plate = synarthrosis Symphysis- fibrocartilage join E.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints = amphiarthrosis

Figure 7.2a

Figure 7.2b

7 Unit 1 Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Articular capsule- Inner layer = synovial secretory membrane Synovial fluid Ligaments Some contain menisci

Figure 7.3

7 Unit 1 Located where friction can occur E.g. between skin & bone or bone & tendons, ligaments or other bones Structurally similar to joint capsules- Contain synovial membrane and fluid.

Figure 7.10a

Figure 7.10b

Figure 7.10c

Figure 7.10d

7 Unit 1 Gliding- flat bone surfaces moving across each other Flexion- decrease in angle between articulating bones Extension- Increase in angle between articulating bones Hyperextension Bending beyond 180 o degrees e.g. moving humerus backwards behind anatomical position

Figure 7.4a

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Figure 7.4f

7 Unit 1 Abduction- Movement of bone away from midline Adduction- Movement of bone toward midline Circumduction- Movement of distal end in a circle Rotation- Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

Figure 7.5a

Figure 7.5b

Figure 7.5c

Figure 7.6a

Figure 7.6b

Figure 7.7a

Figure 7.7b

7 Unit 1 Elevation- lift upward Depression- downward movement Protraction – movement forward Retraction- movement back to anatomical position

Figure 7.8ab

Figure 7.8cd

7 Unit 1 Inversion- move of soles medially Eversion- move soles laterally Dorsiflexion- bending of foot toward dorsum Plantar flexion- bend foot toward plantar surface

Figure 7.8ef

Figure 7.8g

7 Unit 1 Supination- movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward Pronation- movement of forearm so palms face backward or downward

Figure 7.8h

7 Unit 1 Planar joints- articulating surfaces flat or slightly curved Hinge joints- convex to concave surface Only do flexion and extension Pivot joints- rounded surface with ring formed by bone and ligament e.g. atlantoaxial joint

7 Unit 1 Condyloid joints- convex oval surface to concave oval surface e.g. wrist & metacarpophyangeal joints Saddle joints- one side saddle shaped other sits astride it Ball & socket joints- ball like surface into cup like socket surface Can do flexion/extension, adduction/adduction & rotation

Figure 7.9a

Figure 7.9b

Figure 7.9c

Figure 7.9d

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Figure 7.9f

7 Unit 1 Slowing of synovial fluid production Thinning of articular cartilage Ligaments shorten and lose flexibility Influenced by genetic factors