CHAPTER 4 TISSUES & MEMBRANES Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
TISSUES A TISSUE IS MADE OF MANY SIMILAR CELLS WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS. EACH TYPE OF TISSUE IS DISTIGUISHED BY THE STRUCTURE OF ITS CELLS AND THE FUNCTIONS IT PERFORMS. THERE ARE FOUR BASIC TYPES:- EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS AND THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS IN THE TISSUES. THE FUNCTION OF EACH EPITHELIAL TISSUE DEPENDS ON ITS SPECIFIC LOCATION AND THE TYPE OF THE TISSUE. THESE FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:- PROTECTION ABSORPTION FILTERATION SECRETION
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES SIMLE EPITHELIUM:- SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM:- STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF FLAT CELLS. FOUND IN THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS AND KIDNEYS. FUNCTIONS ARE FILTERATION, SECRETION AND ABSORPTION.
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CUBE -SHAPED CELLS. FOUND IN THE KIDNEYS, OVARIES AND SOME GLANDS. FUNCTIONS ARE ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF COLUMN – SHAPED CELLS PLUS GOBLET CELLS. THE GOBLET CELLS SECRETE MUCUS. FOUND IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINES AND MANY GLANDS. FUNCTIONS ARE ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS THAT LOOK LIKE THEY ARE MORE THAN ONE LAYER PLUS SOME COBLET CELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS. FOUND IN THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LINNING. MUCUS TRAP DUST PARTICLES AND THE BEATING CILIA REMOVE THE MUCUS.
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM MADE BY SEVERAL LAYERS OF CUBOIDAL CELLS THAT BECOME FLATTENED AS THEY APPROACH THE TISSUE SURFACE. FOUND ON THE SKIN SURFACE, LINNIG OF MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS AND VAGINA. FUNCTION FOR PROTECTION.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM MADE BY SEVERAL LAYERS OF LARGE ROUNDED CELLS THAT BECOME FLAT WHEN STRETCHED. FOUND IN THE INTERIOR LINNING OF THE URINARY BLADDER. FUNCTION IS TO PERMIT STRETCHING OF THE URINARY BLADDER WALL.
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUES THEY ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT TISSUES IN THE BODY THAT SUPPORT AND BIND OTHER TISSUES TOGETHER. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER:- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE:- CARTILAGE – BONE – BLOOD.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE BY A LOOSE ARRANGEMENT OF COLLAGENOUS & ELASTIC FIBERS IN A GEL-LIKE MATERIAL & SOME SCATTERD FIBROBLASTS. FOUND UNDER THE SKIN, IN INTERNAL ORGANS, BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES. FUNCTION FOR ATTACHMENT OF THE SKIN & SUPPORT OF INTERNAL ORGANS.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE MADE BY CLOSELY PACKED FAT CELLS. FOUND UNDER THE SKIN AND AROUND INTERNAL ORGANS. FUNCTION FOR ENERGY STORAGE AS FAT, BODY INSULATION AND FORMS PROTECTIVE CUSHIONS AROUND THE INTERNAL ORGANS.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE BY TIGHT PACKED COLLAGENOUS SEPARATED BY ROWS OF FIBROBLASTS. FOUND IN TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, SKIN AND FIBROUS CAPSULES AROUND SOME INTERNAL ORGANS. FUNCTION FOR ATTACHMENT OF BONES TO MUSCLES, BONES TO BONES AND PROTECTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS.
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE BY LOTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS PLUS SOME SCATTERED FIBROBLASTS. FOUND IN LUNGS, AIR PASSAGES AND BLOOD VESSELS. FUNCTION FOR FLEXIBILITY BY ALLOWING EXPANSION & CONTRACTION OF THESE STRUCTURES.
SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE:- HYALINE CARTILAGE IN THE JOINTS. ELASTIC CARTILAGE IN LARYNX & EAR. FIBROCARTILAGE IN VERTEBRAL DISKS. BONE:- HARDEST & MOST RIGID TISSUE. BLOOD:- LIQUID PLASMA & BLOOD CELLS
HYALINE CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
BONE
BONE
BLOOD
BLOOD
MUSCLE TISSUES SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE:- VOLUNTARY MUSCLES ATTACHED TO BONES THAT ALLOW BODY MOVEMENT. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE:- INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES FOUND INSIDE HOLLOW ORGANS AND BLOOD VESSELS. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE:- INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE FOUND IN THE HEART.
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVE TISSUE MADE OF NEURONS {NERVE CELLS} AND NEUROGLIA {SUPPORTING CELLS}. NEURONS FUNCTION FOR IMPULSE FORMATION AND TRANSMISSION. NEUROGLIA FUNTION IS TO NOURISH, INSULATE AND PROTECT THE NEURONS. NERVE TISSUE FORM THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD AND NERVES.
NERVE TISSUE
NERVE TISSUE
BODY MEMBRANES BODY MEMBRANES ARE THIN SHEETS OF TISSUES THAT LINE CAVITIES, COVER SURFACES, SEPARATE TISSUES OR ORGANS. THEY ARE MADE OF EITHER EPITHELIAL & CONNECTIVE TISSUE TOGETHER OR CONNECTIVE TISSUES ONLY.
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES MADE FROM SHEETS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE OVERLYING A THIN SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. THERE ARE THREE TYPES:- SEROUS MEMBRANES:- PERICARDIUM MUCOUS MEMBRANES:- RESPIRATORY CUTANOUS MEMBRANES:- SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES MADE BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE. EXAMPLES INCLUDE:- THREE MENINGES AROUND THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD. PERICHONDRIUM COVERS CARTILAGE. PERIOSTEUM COVERS BONE SURFACES. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES COVER JOINTS.