Principal Types of Tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Extracellular Matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells Helps bind tissues together Non-living material that surrounds living cells Helps bind tissues together

Embryological development of Tissues Primary germ layers Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Differentiation Primary germ layers Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Differentiation

EpithelialTissue

Simple Squamous

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Columnar

Stratified Squamous

Glandular Epithelial Tissue - Apocrine, Holocrine, Merocrine

Connective Tissue General function - connect, support, transport, protect General characteristics: lots of matrix, can be fluid, gel, or solid Four types Fibrous Bone Cartilage - Blood General function - connect, support, transport, protect General characteristics: lots of matrix, can be fluid, gel, or solid Four types Fibrous Bone Cartilage - Blood

Loose Fibrous(areolar) Widely distributed Collagenous and elastic fibers in a ground substance Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and white blood cells Function - stretchy, flexible connection Widely distributed Collagenous and elastic fibers in a ground substance Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and white blood cells Function - stretchy, flexible connection

Dense fibrous tissue Matrix - densely packed fibers Can be irregular or regular Locations - tendons and ligaments, dermis, kidney, spleen Function - flexible connections that are strong and stretchy Matrix - densely packed fibers Can be irregular or regular Locations - tendons and ligaments, dermis, kidney, spleen Function - flexible connections that are strong and stretchy

Dense Fibrous - Ligaments

Adipose Fibrous Tissue - similar to loose connective Mainly fat cells Functions - insulation, protection, support and food reserve Mainly fat cells Functions - insulation, protection, support and food reserve

Adipose locations

Fibrous Reticular Tissue Framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow Consists of Fibers and reticular cells Functions - defense from invading microorganisms (filters out bad stuff) Framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow Consists of Fibers and reticular cells Functions - defense from invading microorganisms (filters out bad stuff)

Bone Tissue specialized tissue Cells - osteocytes in calcified matrix Matrix makes up 65% Functions - support, protection, attachment for muscles, reservoir for minerals, support blood forming tissue specialized tissue Cells - osteocytes in calcified matrix Matrix makes up 65% Functions - support, protection, attachment for muscles, reservoir for minerals, support blood forming tissue

Compact bone Cells - osteocytes Osteon (haversian system) Lacunae (spaces for the osteocytes)and Lamellae(matrix in concentric rings Canaliculi - channels that join lacunae with central canal Central canal - Haversian canal Cell types osteocyte, osteoblast, bone forming cell Osteoclast - bone destroying cell Cells - osteocytes Osteon (haversian system) Lacunae (spaces for the osteocytes)and Lamellae(matrix in concentric rings Canaliculi - channels that join lacunae with central canal Central canal - Haversian canal Cell types osteocyte, osteoblast, bone forming cell Osteoclast - bone destroying cell

Bone formation - ossification From membranes - Membranous bones - skull From cartilage - Endochondral bones - others From membranes - Membranous bones - skull From cartilage - Endochondral bones - others

Spongy bone (cancellous) Trabeculae - thin beams of bone Supports Red bone marrow Trabeculae - thin beams of bone Supports Red bone marrow

Cartilage Cell - chondrocyte (Housed in lacunae) Characteristics: Avascular Heals slowly Perichondrium - membrane that surrounds cartilage Cell - chondrocyte (Housed in lacunae) Characteristics: Avascular Heals slowly Perichondrium - membrane that surrounds cartilage

Types Hyaline - ends of bones Fibrocartilage - strong, found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis) Elastic - contains elastic fibers. For strength and flexibility. Located in external ear and larynx Hyaline - ends of bones Fibrocartilage - strong, found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis) Elastic - contains elastic fibers. For strength and flexibility. Located in external ear and larynx

Blood Liquid tissue Made in bone marrow (hematopoesis) No ground substance nor fibers Liquid tissue Made in bone marrow (hematopoesis) No ground substance nor fibers

Blood composition Plasma - liquid (55%) Erythrocytes - red Leukocytes - white Platelets (thrombocytes) used for coagulation Plasma - liquid (55%) Erythrocytes - red Leukocytes - white Platelets (thrombocytes) used for coagulation

Blood Functions Transportation Regulation of temperature Regulations of ph Destruction of bacteria Transportation Regulation of temperature Regulations of ph Destruction of bacteria

Muscle Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multinucleated Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, single nuclei Cardiac - striated, involutary, contains intercalated discs Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multinucleated Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, single nuclei Cardiac - striated, involutary, contains intercalated discs

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Smooth Muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Nervous tissue Functions - regulation and integration of body activities Specialized characteristics Excitability conductivity

Structures of Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerves Neurons (functional unit) Axons Cell body Dendrites Brain Spinal cord Nerves Neurons (functional unit) Axons Cell body Dendrites

Body membranes Definition of membrane Types Cutaneous membrane (skin) Serous membrane Parietal - lines cavity Visceral - covers organs Pleura - in lung Peritoneum - in abdomen Mucous membrane Connective tissue membrane synovial Definition of membrane Types Cutaneous membrane (skin) Serous membrane Parietal - lines cavity Visceral - covers organs Pleura - in lung Peritoneum - in abdomen Mucous membrane Connective tissue membrane synovial

How an injury heals 1. capillaries constrict 2. Platelets stick to edges and clot forms – seal off injury 3. scab forms – protect injury 4. debris is cleaned out – macrophages eat away damaged tissue to leave room for repair 1. capillaries constrict 2. Platelets stick to edges and clot forms – seal off injury 3. scab forms – protect injury 4. debris is cleaned out – macrophages eat away damaged tissue to leave room for repair

5. Organization of tissue parts – granulation occurs (a type of intermediate tissue) 6. Macrophages digest & remove original clot 7. Surface epithelium regenerates – scab usually falls off at this time End result: Healed injury! 5. Organization of tissue parts – granulation occurs (a type of intermediate tissue) 6. Macrophages digest & remove original clot 7. Surface epithelium regenerates – scab usually falls off at this time End result: Healed injury!

Healing of Tissue

Pathology of tissue Tumor - neoplasm - abnormal cell growth Benign - does not spread Malignant - spreads Causes Genetic Carcinogens Age Abuse of body Tumor - neoplasm - abnormal cell growth Benign - does not spread Malignant - spreads Causes Genetic Carcinogens Age Abuse of body

Detection Self exam Medical imaging Blood tests Biopsy Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Laser therapy Immunotherapy Detection Self exam Medical imaging Blood tests Biopsy Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Laser therapy Immunotherapy