CHAPTER 4 CONTENT “IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES

TISSUE CLASSIFICATION EPITHELEAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVE MUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED IN LATER CHAPTERS.

EPITHELEAL TISSUES SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT MANNERS SIMPLE STRATIFIED PSEUDO-STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM SIMPLE – ONE LAYER THICK; FOUND IN AREAS ALLOWING EXCHANGE TO OCCUR. STRATIFIED – FOUND WHERE WEAR AND TEAR OCCURS ON CELLS. PSEUDO-STRATIFIED- APPEAR LAYERED BUT ARE NOT TRANSITIONAL – ABLE TO EXPAND AREA BUT NOT BASIC CELL SHAPED

SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM GOBLET CELLS – PRODUCE MUCUS CILIA – HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS INVOLVED WITH MOVEMENT ON EDGE OF STRUCTURE QUICKLY REPAIR SELF; ADAPT TO WEAR AND TEAR (IE CALLUSES ON HANDS)

GLANDS PRODUCES A SUBSTANCE SENT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY TO FUNCTION EXOCRINE – THE SUBSTANCE EXITS THE GLAND THROUGH A DUCT ENDOCRINE – THE BLOOD VESSELS PICK UP THE SUBSTANCE WITHIN THE GLAND TO DISTRIBUTE TO THE BODY

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROVIDES SUPPORT MATRIX – NONLIVING MATERIAL BETWEEN TISSUES MADE OF WATER, FIBER, AND HARD MINERALS

3 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CIRCULATING – LYMPH, BLOOD GENERALIZED – FIBROBLASTS- TENDON, LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULES STRUCTURAL – ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON- CARTILAGE, BONE

GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE  AREOLAR – AROUND VESSELS/ ORGANS, IN MEMBRANES, BETWEEN MUSCLES, UNDER THE SKIN  ADIPOSE – FAT TISSUE DENSE  IRREGULAR – FIBROUS MEMBRANES TO COVER ORGANS  REGULAR – TENDONS (MUSCLE TO BONE) AND LIGAMENTS (BONE TO BONE)

CARTILAGE STRONGER THAN OTHER TISSUES EXCEPT BONE MADE OF CHONDROCYTES HYALINE – TRANSLUCENT “GRISTLE”, COVERS LONG BONES, BETWEEN RIBS/ STERNUM, NOSE FIBROCARTILAGE – PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, SPINAL DISC, AROUND KNEE JOINT ELASTIC - OUTER EAR, LARYNX

BONE OSSEOUS TISSUE CARTILAGE AS A FETUS, OSSEFIES NEAR BIRTH AND CONTINUES TO DEPOSIT MINERALS OSTEOBLASTS – CELLS THAT WILL BECOME OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS), BUILD BONE OSTECLASTS – BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE FOR RESORPTION BY THE BODY, ‘CRUNCH’ BONE MORE IN CHAPTER 7

MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE  VOLUNTARY, STRIATED, MULTINUCLEATED CARDIAC MUSCLE  INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED, INTERCALATED DISCS, MULTINUCLEATE SMOOTH MUSCLE  INVOLUNTARY, SMOOTH, UNINUCLEATE  MORE IN CHAPTER 8

NERVE TISSUE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  ALL NERVES OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN NERVE CELL – NEURON; IMPULSE TRAVELS FROM DENDRITES TO THE CELL BODY, THEN DOWN THE AXON TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED TO STIMULATE THE NEXT DENDRITES OR ORGANS NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT CELLS FOR THE BRAIN MORE INCHAPTER 9 AND 10

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES SEROUS – LINE THE CLOSED VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES; HAS PARIETAL AND VISCERAL LAYERS  PLEURA  PERICARDIUM  PERITONEUM MUCUS – LINE BODY WHERE IT IS EXPOSED TO OUTSIDE THE BODY CUTANEOUS – SKIN (CHAPTER 6)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES SYNOVIAL – BETWEEN JOINTS; SECRETE LUBRICANT; ALSO LINE THE BURSAE MENINGES – COVERING OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORD FASCIA – FIBROUS BANDS/ SHEETS TO HOLD ORGANS IN PLACE  SUPERFICIAL – LIES UNDER THE SKIN, HOLDS FAT  DEEP – COVERS, PROTECTS SKELETAL MUSCLES FIBROUS PERICARDIUM – CAVITY WHERE HEART SITS PERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS COVERING OF BONE PERICHONDRIUM – COVERING AROUND CARTILAGE

MEMBRANE AND DISEASE MEMBRANES TEND TO SEPARATE CAVITIES SO THEY SLOW THE SPREAD OF INFECTION. OTHER TIMES THE MEMBRANES THEMSELVES ARE INFLAMED. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES  SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)  RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

TUMORS (– OMAS) BENIGN – DOES NOT SPREAD PAPILLOMA ADENOMA LIPOMA MYOMA ANGIOMA NEVUS CHONDROMA OSTEOMA MALIGNANT – SPREADS CARCINOMA ( FROM EPITHELIUM) SARCOMA – (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) NEUROMA – NERVE TISSUE  GLIOMA LYMPH TISSUE  LEUKEMIA  LYMPHOMA

DIAGNOSING CANCER ‘CAUTION’ – MONITOR THE SYMPTOMS MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SAMPLE FROM BODY  BIOPSY – NEEDLE, PUNCH, ENDOSCOPIC, SURGICAL RADIOGRAPHY – X RAYS, DENSE TISSUE ULTRASOUND – SOUND WAVES, SOFT TISSUE COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY – CROSS -SECTIONAL XRAYS; USED WITH BRAIN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING – MAGNETS AND RADIO WAVES FOR SOFT TISSUE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE GIVEN WHICH CONCENTRATES IN ACTIVE CELLS = ‘HOT SPOT” – NOTES CANCER ACTIVITY SERUM TESTING – CA 125, GENES

TREATMENT OF CANCER STAGING – T, N, M SURGERY RADIATION CHEMOTHERAPY TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY

TISSUES AND AGING TISSUE LOSES ELASTICITY COLLAGEN LESS FLEXIBLE  BLOOD VESSELS LESS FLEXIBLE = HTN  LESS BLOOD FLOW TO LOWER = HARD TO HEAL TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS STRETCH  STOOPED POSTURE  JOINT INSTABILITY BONES LOSE CALCIUM  PRONE TO FRACTURE; OSTEOPOROSIS MUSCLES ATROPHY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY HIST/O- EPI- PSEUD/O- -BLAST CHONDR/O- OSS, OSSE/O – OST/E- MY/O- CARDI/O- LEUK/O GRAPH/O ULTRA- ANT/I- NEUR/O- PLEUR/O- PERI- -ITIS ARTHR/O- NEO- MAL- -OMA ONC/O- PAPILL/O- ADEN/O- ANGI/O-