UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION STRUCTURE FITS FUNCTION IN THE ANIMAL BODY – ANATOMY DEF  THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANISM – PHYSIOLOGY DEF  THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AN ORGANISM PERFORMS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ANIMAL STRUCTURE HAS A HIERARCHY – CELLULAR LEVEL  TISSUE LEVEL  ORGAN LEVEL  ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL  ORGANISM LEVEL EX. MUSCLE CELL  MUSCLE TISSUE  HEART  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS FUNCTIONING TOGETHER

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF CELLS WITH A COMMON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION – TISSUE A COOPERATIVE UNIT OF MANY, VERY SIMILAR, CELLS THAT PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION – 4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVOUS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS – EPITHELIAL TISSUE A.K.A. EPITHELIUM SHEETS OF TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS THAT COVER BODY SURFACES AND LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND CAVITIES – BASEMENT MEMBRANE A DENSE MAT OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONSISTING OF FIBROUS PROTEINS AND STICKY POLYSACCHARIDES

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS – EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS THEY HAVE AND ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS – MUCOUS MEMBRANE SECRETE A SLIMY SOLUTION CALLED MUCUS THAT LUBRICATES THE SURFACE AND KEEPS IT MOIST

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE – CONSISTS OF A SPARSE POPULATION OF CELLS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT AN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE – SIX MAJOR TYPES LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE BLOOD FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE BONE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – HOLDS ORGANS IN PLACE ADIPOSE TISSUE – STORES FAT; PADDING AND INSULATION BLOOD – FLUID RATHER THAN A SOLID MATRIX; INVOLVED IN TRANSPORT AND IMMUNITY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – FORMS TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS CARTILAGE – STRONG, BUT FLEXING SKELETAL MATERIAL BONE – RIGID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS IN MOVEMENT – CONSISTS OF BUNDLES OF LONG CELLS CALLED MUSCLE FIBERS – 3 TYPES SKELETAL/STRIATED CARDIAC SMOOTH

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK – FORMS A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM; TRANSMITTING INFORMATION AS NERVE SIGNALS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK – NEURON NERVE CELL; UNIQUELY SPECIALIZED TO CONDUCT NERVE SIGNALS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SEVERAL TISSUES ARE ORGANIZED TO FORM AN ORGAN – ORGAN CONSISTS OF SEVERAL TISSUES ADAPTED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS AS A GROUP THE FUNCTION OF AN ORGAN RESULTS FROM THE COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS OF ITS TISSUES

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THE BODY IS A COOPERATIVE OF ORGAN SYSTEMS – ORGAN SYSTEM A GROUP OF SEVERAL ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A VITAL BODY FUNCTION INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: – DIGESTIVE – RESPIRATORY – CIRCULATORY – LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE – EXCRETORY – ENDOCRINE – REPRODUCTIVE – NERVOUS – MUSCULAR – SKELETAL/INTEGUMEN TARY

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

NEW IMAGING TECHNOLOGY REVEALS THE INNER BODY – X-RAYS – CT SCANS (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) LOW WAVE X-RAYS (3-D) – MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING) – PET (POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY) RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES INJECTED; SHOWS METABOLICALLY ACTIVE AREAS MORE CLEARLY

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS ENHANCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN ANIMALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT – INTERSTITIAL FLUID BODY CELLS ARE BATHED IN THIS SOLUTION

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ANIMALS REGULATE THEIR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT – HOMEOSTASIS STEADY STATE; DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION HOMEOSTASIS DEPENDS ON NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – NEGATIVE FEEDBACK A CHANGE IN A VARIABLE TRIGGERS MECHANISMS THAT REVERSE THAT CHANGE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SO HOW EXACTLY DO THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK? – WITH SO MANY TO LOOK AT, WE HAVE TO START SOMEWHERE… LET’S START WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, SHALL WE??

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION