Lab 5 The Appendicular Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.

Lab 5 Activities 1.The appendicular skeleton 2.The fetal skeleton 3.Joint models 4.Joint classifications (structural and functional) 5.Types of joints 6.Movements allowed at a joint

The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

Appendicular Skeleton òThe bones appended to the axial skeleton: l Can be broken down into subgroups to facilitate learning: Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages –Be able to distinguish male versus female –Especially important as relates to childbirth Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot l Learn all bones and bone markings on the list on p.5-2 of the lab manual

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb *

Male versus Female Pelves The angle of the pubic arch is key

Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female

Other sexual differences of Pelves  Females have wide, broad greater sciatic notches, moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features of male pelve

Bones of the Right Foot  Need know only talus and calcaneous of tarsals  Metatarsals  Phalanges

Arches of the Foot The Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.

Lab 6: The Fetal Skeleton and Articulations

The Fetal Skeleton  The red areas represent the ossified parts of bones

The Fetal Skull Intramembranous ossification Sutures fuse after birth flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.

Fontanels

Classification of Joints  Structural l Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity l Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity l Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity  Functional l Synarthroses - non-movable l Amphiarthroses - slightly movable l Diarthroses - freely movable

Fibrous Joints  Suture - wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone  Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament  Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

Cartilaginous Joints  Synchondroses l hyaline cartilage l epiphyseal plate most limb bones l most ribs to sternum  Symphyses l fibrocartilage l pelvis, vertebrae

Synovial Joints  General Structure l articular cartilage l synovial (joint) cavity l articular capsule l synovial fluid l reinforcing ligaments l meniscus – (not illustrated) fibrocartilage pad, e.g., tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio- femoral (knee) joint

Gliding (plane) joint  Flat planes gliding over each other  Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Hinge Joints  Cylindrical projection fits into a notch  Ulna and humerus  Tibia and femur  Interphalangeal joints

Pivot Joints  Rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments  Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)  Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Condyloid Joints  Rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone  Radio-carpal joints  Metacarpal- phalangeal joints

Saddle Joints  Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas  Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball and Socket Joints  Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket  Provides greatest rotational flexibility  Shoulder  Hip  Special cases of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide Gliding Rotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Special Movements

Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000