The Appendicular Skeleton Honors A&P

The Clavicle

The Pectoral Girdle

ID your view 1. Anterior 2. Posterior

ID the Acromion

ID the Infraspinous Fossa

ID the acromial end of the clavicle

Upper Limbs

Bones of Hand and Wrist

ID the psiform

ID the trapezoid

ID the deltoid tuberosity

ID the greater tubercle

ID the trochlea

ID the radial tuberosity

ID the ulnar styloid process

The Pelvic Girdle

Anatomical Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis

The Lower Limbs

Bones of Foot and Ankle

Is this a male or female pelvis? 1. Male 2. Female 3. Cannot be determined

ID the acetabulum. ID the acetabulum

ID the iliac crest. ID the iliac crest

ID the ischial spine ID the ischial spine

Id the cuboid tarsal. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E 6. F 7. G

Id the navicular tarsal. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E 6. F 7. G

ID the lateral malleolus

Do Now: How do a male and female pelvis compare? List 3 joints and describe their movements.

Articulations: site where 2+ bones meet (joint) providing mobility and stability

Classification of Articulations Structure (material binding bones) ◦ Fibrous (binding connective tissue) ◦ Cartilaginous (binding connective tissue) ◦ Synovial (joint capsule) Function (amount of movement) ◦ Synarthrosis (Immovable) -axial ◦ Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)-axial ◦ Diarthrosis (freely movable)-appendicular

Synathrosis (no movement) Sutures (seams) - fibrous ◦ Bones of the skull Gomphosis ◦ Peridontal ligament bonds tooth w/in alveolar margin Cartilaginous ◦ Synchondrosis – hyaline cartilage unites bones  Ex. Connection between 1 st rib and manubrium of sternum, epiphyseal plates

Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable) Syndesmosis ◦ Fibrous joint connected by ligament ◦ Ex. Distal articulation between tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna Symphysis ◦ Bones joined by disk of fibrocartilage ◦ Ex. Vertebrae, between pubic bones

Diarthrosis (Synovial Movement) Bound by joint capsule and contains synovial fluid Structure ◦ Articular Cartilage – hyaline ◦ Joint Cavity – space w/fluid ◦ Articular Capsule – fibrous layer & synovial membrane ◦ Synovial Fluid – slippery & viscous lubricant ◦ Reinforcing ligaments – strengthen joints ◦ Nerves and bv – rich supply ◦ Bursae – “ball bearing” or bag of lubricant ◦ Tendon sheath – elongated bursae ◦ Menisci – between interlocking bones of the knee and jaw

Stability of Joint Stabilized to prevent dislocation Articular Surface ◦ Shape – ball and socket of hip is most stable Ligaments ◦ More ligaments increase strength but limit motion ◦ Can only stretch 6% of length Muscle Tone ◦ Tendons are most important stabilizing factor ◦ Kept taut by muscle tone

Range of Motion Non-axial ◦ Slipping movements Uniaxial ◦ One plane Biaxial ◦ 2 planes Multiaxial more than 2 planes

Angular Movements ◦ Angular Motion  Flexion – reduces angle between articulating elements  Extension - increases angle between articulating elements  Adduction – moving towards midline  Abduction – moving away from midline  Circumduction – loop motion

Rotational Movements Rotational

Special Movements ◦ Inversion- turns sole of foot inward (opp-eversion) ◦ Dorsiflexion- ankle flexion (plantar flexion pointed toe) ◦ Opposition – grasping (thumb/fingers toward hand) ◦ Protraction - move anterior across horizontal plane (opp retraction) ◦ Elevation – move superior (opp depression)

Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Gliding – flat surfaces slide past one another ◦ Ends of clavicles ◦ Between carpals & tarsals ◦ Between vertebrae Hinge – angular movement in a single direction ◦ Occipital bone and atlas ◦ Elbow, knee, ankle ◦ Interphalangeal joints Pivot – permit rotation only ◦ Atlas and axis ◦ Proximal radius and ulna Ellipsodial – angular motion occurs in 2 planes ◦ Radius w/proximal carpals ◦ Phalanges w/metacarpals (and metatarsals) Saddle- permits angular motion but prevents rotation ◦ thumb Ball and socket - round head rests within depression ◦ Shoulder ◦ hips

The Shoulder

The Elbow

The Hip

The Knee: Largest and most complex joint

Organ System Integratio n

Which of the following does NOT influence the stability of the joint? 1. Shape of articular surface 2. Presence of strong reinforcing ligaments 3. Tone of surrounding muscles 4. Presence of synovial fluid

Freely movable joints are 1. Synarthrosis 2. Diarthrosis 3. Amphiarthrosis

Abduction and Adduction always refer to movements of the 1. Axial skeleton 2. Appendicular skeleton 3. Skull 4. Vertebral column

Standing on tip toe is an example of 1. Elevation 2. Plantar flexion 3. Dorsiflexion 4. Retraction

Joints that connect the fingers to metacarpals are 1. Ellipsoidal joints 2. Pivot joints 3. Saddle joints 4. Hinge Joints

Subacromial, subcoracoid, and subscapular bursae reduce friction in 1. Hip 2. Elbow 3. Knee 4. Shoulder