Multi-cellular Eukaryotes Cell Wall Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

ALGAE

Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Cone bearing Angiosperms Flowering plants

Become less dependent on water More resistant to sun rays More capable of conserving water More capable of reproducing without water

Life cycle depends on water for reproduction NO SEEDS Hornworts, liverworts & mosses

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

Vascular SEEDS (In CONES) Conifers, Douglas firs

Vascular Bear Seeds (within Flowe

All Vascular Consist of: Roots Stems Leaves

Dermal Vascular Xylem – tracheids & vessels elements Phloem – sieve tube elements & companion cells Ground

Tap Root (ex: carrot) Roots grow from the cells at the tip which are continuously dividing through mitosis. Fibrous Root (ex: grass)

Support of Leaves, Fruits & Flowers Place the leaves in the light Provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits. Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem.

Site of photosynthesis Chloroplast is the organelle that houses the green pigment chlorophyll Place of Transpiration and Respiration Consists of 2 parts: Blade Petiole

basic energy source of cells

Transpiration – loss of water through leaves Guard Cells – Change the size of the stomata to control amount of water released. This takes place in STOMATA which is a pore-like opening

Take place in CONES Pollen Cones – MALE (produce male gametophyte) Seed Cones – FEMALE (produce female gametophyte)

Pollination happens when the pollen is RELEASED from male Fertilization happens when the pollen grains land near ovule

MonocotsDicots SeedsSingle CotyledonTwo Cotyledon LeavesParallel VeinsBranched Veins FlowerMultiples of 3Multiples of 4 or 5 StemsVascular – bundled/scattered Vascular – Bundled on ring RootsFibrousTap Root

Pollination happens when POLLEN lands on STIGMA Fertilization happens when 1 pollen grain divides to make TWO (2) sperm nuclei 1 sperm nuclei = fertilizes the EGG 2 nd sperm nuclei = fertilizes with the 2 polar nuclei to make TRIPLOID ENDOSPERM

Fruit – any seed that is enclosed within its embryo wall

Hormones – control of plants pattern of growth & development & plant response Auxins (3) – stimulate cell elongation Cytokinins (2) – stimulate cell development & growth of lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout Gibberillins (1) –dramatic increase in size, part in stem & fruit Ethylene (1) – stimulate to ripen

Gravitropism – response to gravity Phototropism – response to light Thigmotropism – response to touch Photoperiodism – response to light & darkness Winter dormancy – photosynthetic pathway turned off Leaf abscission – losing leaves during colder months

Early growth stage of plant embryo Steps: 1. Absorbs water 2. Seeds open from swollen tissue 3. Young root emerges & grows

Vegetative Reproduction Includes production of new plants from horizontal stems, from planters & underground roots Benefits: doesn’t involve pollination 2 methods: horizontal stems, planters & underground roots

Plant Propagation – horticulturist use cutting, grafting or budding to make identical copies of a plant BENEFITS - produce offspring from seedless plants 3 FORMS – Cutting – cut from plant, place in special soil Grafting – stem out from parent, placed on plant that has stable root for a strong root system Budding – buds used to place on stock

3 ways plants adapt to life in water 1. Seeds that float 2. Grow quick 3. Shoots grow above water

Submerged in Water: No Cuticles to Prevent Water Loss Reduced Roots Chloroplasts are restricted to the upper portions Salty Conditions: Specialized cells that pump salt out Desert Plants: Extensive roots Reduced leaves Thick stems Poor Soil: Carnivores Parasites

Growth on other plants Shade Tolerance and a way of extracting nutrients Fight Insects Defend themselves against insects attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals