© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning BELLWORK Name the 3 anatomical planes and how each divides the body. 1

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 14 Kinesiology

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the study of kinesiology Define the articular system and describe its importance to movement Define the three classifications of joints State the six types of diarthroses joints 3

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): Define the 18 different movements of synovial joints Explain the three anatomical planes and their importance to medicine Explain the concept of open and closed kinematic chains 4

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Kinesiology Study of physical activity or movement Encompasses anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, psychomotor behavior, and various social and cultural factors Focuses on exercise stress, movement efficiency, and fitness 5

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Articular System Series of joints that allows movement Combined with neuromuscular system, enables locomotion Joint articulation Formed when two bones come into contact Can be freely movable Arthrology Study of joints 6

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Fun Facts *There are more than 100 joints in the human body *206 bones 7

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Classification of Joints Joints have 2 main functions: Allow motion Provide stability 3 different types Synarthroses (immovable) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable) 8

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Classification of Joints Synarthroses Joints that lack a synovial cavity Held closely together by fibrous connective tissue Immovable Three structural types Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis 9

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Synarthroses 10

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Classification of Joints (cont’d.) Amphiarthroses Slightly moveable Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Ribs to sternum Vertebral joints 11

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Classification of Joints (cont’d.) Diarthroses or synovial joints Freely movable Ends of opposing bones are covered with articular cartilage Separated by joint cavity Components are enclosed in fibrous joint capsule Most joints are synovial 12

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 Types of Synovial Joints Pivot joint: bone moves around central axis Gliding joint: bones make a sliding motion Hinge joint: allows only flexion and extension Saddle joint: bones with complementary shapes, wide ROM (thumb) Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint: bones move about each other in many directions, but do not rotate Ball-and-socket joint: rounded end of one bone fits into indented end of another 13

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Movement of Diarthroses Range of motion in movable joints varies Synovial joints move most freely Shoulders have the greatest range of motion Joint stability is determined by: Shape of the bones where they come together Ligaments that join the bones Muscle tone 15

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Joints Bursitis Inflammation of synovial bursa Can be caused by excessive stress or tension Arthritis Inflammation of the entire joint Usually involves all joint tissues (cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, etc.) 16

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Joints (cont’d.) Rheumatic fever Disease involving a bacterial infection If undetected, bacterium can be carried by the bloodstream to the joints Results in rheumatoid arthritis 17

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Joints (cont’d.) Rheumatoid arthritis Connective-tissue disorder Severe inflammation of small joints Severely debilitating Primary fibrositis Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue Called rheumatism, or if in lower back, lumbago 18

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning BELLWORK Name 3 diarthroses (synovial) joints. How many bones are in the human body? 19

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Joints (cont’d.) Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease Occurs with advancing age or weight gain Gout Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joint at base of large toe and other joints of feet and legs Waste-product crystals can accumulate in kidneys, causing kidney damage 20

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Closed and Open Kinematic Chains Closed kinematic chain Movement or exercise at the end of the chain, farthest from the body, is fixed In a squat, feet are fixed and the rest of leg chain moves More stable exercises 21

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Closed and Open Kinematic Chains Open kinematic chain Movement or exercise at the end of the chain is free i.e. Seated leg extension Less stable exercises 22

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Closed and Open Kinematic Chains 23

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Conclusion Joints allow motion while providing stability Classified as nonmovable, slightly movable, and freely movable Athletics involves movement in and around many different planes Closed- and open-chain movements and exercises provide different benefits 24