Endocrine Pathology

Overview – Pathologies Diabetes Mellitus – Separate Lecture Disorders of the Pituitary Gland Disorders of the Thyroid & Parathyroid Disorders of the Adrenals Thermoregulation and Environmental Conditions Metabolic Disorders

Introduction – Endocrine System Maintain equilibrium Regulate functions of organ systems, through hormones –Reproductive –Growth & Development –Defense against stressors –Blood Glucose levels –Core body Temp –Water & electrolyte balance –Metabolism

Anatomy

Glands Hypothalamus- Pituitary Gland- Thyroid- Parathyroid- Adrenal Glands- Pancreas- Ovaries/Testes-

Body Function Regulation Body Energy Body Temperature Body Fluid Hormone response to Exercise

Common Signs & Symptoms Skin changes Diaphoresis – hyperhydrosis Body or Breath Odor Polydipsia or Polyuria Arthralgia & Myalgia Muscle Atropy & weakness Amenorrhea & Impotence Mental Status changes Paresthesia Edema Polyphagia Orthostatic Hypotension Lethargy/Fatigue Pain Patterns

Disorders of the Pituitary Gland Diabetes Insipidus Acromegaly

Disorders of the Thyroid Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease

Disorders of the Thyroid Hypothyroidism

Disorders of the Adrenals Addison’s Disease Cushing’s Syndrome

Thermoregulation/Environmental Heat Cramps Heat Syncope Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke Exertional Hyponatremia Frostbite Hypothermia Altitude Sickness

Metabolic Disorders Gout Metabolic Bone Disease –Osteoporosis –Paget Disease

The Tired Athlete Psychological Profile of Athletes – Separate Lecture Endocrine Disorders Infections Anemia –Iron Deficiency Anemia –Dilutional Pseudo-Anemia

I’m Still Tired Infections: –1. –2. –3. –4.

Still Tired Anemia –Fatigue usually c exertion –Lack of RBC –Most commonly iron-deficiency –Reduction of red cell mass or blood hemoglobin concentration

Classification of Anemia 1. Cell Proliferation –A. –B. 2. Maturation 3. Destruction

Ineffective Erythropoiesis Iron deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folic acid deficiency

Anemia Think about elevation S/S: At Risk Population:

Laboratory Finding Hct (%) women men Hb (g/dl) Normal is Anemic when < 12 g/dl MCV Normal is = Micro100+ = Macro RBC count women men Anemia = small RBC c low ferritin

Iron Deficiency Anemia - Treatment 3-6 mg per kg of body weight of elemental iron Better with vitamin C on an empty stomach Frequent monitoring

Iron Deficiency in Patients Other causes: Chronic Blood Loss

Sports Anemia Dilutional pseudoanemia Will not respond to tx Normal MCV & ferritin No affect of performance

How to Assess Patients HISTORY, HISTORY, HISTORY Cover all organ systems Physical Exam – General Affect Labs