Bunyaviruses Arenaviruses Prion

5-2 Bunyaviridae (C64, p651) There are at least 200 viruses in 5 genera. Most are arboviruses and few are rodent born viruses (hantaviruses). They cause encephalitis, hemorrhage fever, and pulmonary syndrome (Table 1). Table Notable Bunyaviridae Genera Table 64-1.Notable Bunyaviridae Genera*Table 64-1.Notable Bunyaviridae Genera* GenusMembers Insect VectorPathologic ConditionsVertebrate Hosts BunyavirusBunyamwera virus, California encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus, Oropouche virus; 150 members MosquitoFebrile illness, encephalitis, febrile rash Rodents, small mammals, primates, marsupials, birds PhlebovirusRift Valley fever virus, sandfly fever virus; 36 members FlySandfly fever, hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, myositis Sheep, cattle, domestic animals NairovirusCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; 6 members TickHemorrhagic feverHares, cattle, goats, seabirds UukuvirusUukuniemi virus; 7 membersTick-Birds HantavirusHantaan virusNoneHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome Rodents Sin NombreNoneHantavirus pulmonary syndrome, shock, pulmonary edema Deer mouse

Structure segmented –ssRNA (S, M, L) (Table 2) capsid envelope Genome*Proteins LRNA polymerase, 170 kDa MSpike glycoprotein, 75 kDa Spike glycoprotein, 65 kDa Nonstructural protein, kDa SNucleocapsid protein, 25 kDa Nucleocapsid protein, 10 kDa Table Genome and Proteins of California Encephalitis Virus 5-3

2. Replication  virus enters cells via G1 glycoprotein and receptor-mediated endocytosis.   Virus are assembled by budding into the Golgi apparatus and are released by cell lysis and exocytosis. 3. Most viruses in bunyavirus genus are not in Taiwan.  Most members of bunyavirus genus are arboviruses (transmitted by arthropod) and cause encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever in a way very similar to togaviruses and flaviviruses. BOX Disease Mechanisms for Bunyaviruses Virus is acquired from an arthropod bite (e.g., mosquito) Initial viremia may cause flulike symptoms. Establishment of secondary viremia may allow virus access to specific target tissues, including the central nervous system, organs, and vascular endothelium. Antibody is important in controlling viremia; interferon and cell-mediated immunity may prevent the outgrowth of infection. 5-4

Hantavirus Hantaan virus was first isolated from mice around Hantaan River of Korea in It causes Hantaan hemorrhagic disease (fever, hemorrhage, kidney failure, shock, and death) Sin Nombre virus is isolated from grand canon of US in It causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. (fever, muscle ache, interstitial pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and death).  Virus is transmitted by secretion of rodent like deer mice.

5. Lab. diagnosis: It can be confirmed by serological tests and RT- PCR. 6. Treatment: There is no specific therapy or vaccine (except for Rift Valley fever). Arthropod or rodent controls for prevention.

Arenaviruses associated with human disease (c64, p654) VirusDisease Distribution LassaLassa fever West Africa JuninArgentine hemorrhagic feverSouth America SabiaBrazilian hemorrhagic fever South America LCMVmeningitisWorldwide LCMV: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 5-8

Virions appear sandy because of ribosome. Enveloped virion with 2 single strand RNA circles (L and S). 5-9

Transmission (zoonoses) Rodent-to-human: 1.Inhalation of aerosolized virus 2.Ingestion of food or materials contaminated by infected rodent excretion. 3.Catching and preparing mice as a food source Human-to-human: 1.Direct contact with blood, tissues, secretions or excretions of infected humans 2.Needle stick or cut 3.Inhalation of aerosolized virus 5-10

Epidemiology and clinical syndromes 1. LCM There are 5 to 20% mice have LCMV in US. LCM is characterized by fever and meningeal illness. About 10% patients have CNS syndromes. LCM is usually not fatal. In general, mortality is less than 1%. Avoid contact with mice and pet hamsters. 2. Lassa and other hemorrhagic fever Clinical illness is characterized by fever, coagulopathy, petechia, hemorrhage, and shock. Death occurs in about 50% of Lassa fever cases. 5-11

Laboratory diagnosis --Infection can be detected by serology and RT-PCR. --If the case is suspected, laboratory personnel should be warned. Specimens should processed in BSL 3 (LCM) or 4 (Lassa and others) facilities. Treatment --Ribavirin is used to treat Lassa fever. --Supportive measures Prevention and control of outbreak by limiting contact with rodents. 5-12

Unconventional slow viruses: Prions (C67, p691) Prion :Proteinaceous infectious particle 1.causes spongiform encephaolpathies observed in hosts 2. Characteristics of diseases --long incubation periods (30 years) before developing clinical illness 5-13 BOX Slow Virus Diseases Human Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Gerstmann-Str ä ussler-Scheinker (GSS syndrome) Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) Animal Scrapie (sheep and goats) Transmissible mink encephalopathy Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease) Chronic wasting disease (mule, deer, and elk)

3. Comparison of Classic Viruses and Prions Filterable, infectious agentsYes Presence of nucleic acidYesNo Defined morphology (electron microscopy)YesNo Presence of proteinYes Disinfection by: FormaldehydeYesNo ProteasesSomeNo Heat (80°C)MostNo Ionizing and ultraviolet radiationYesNo Disease Cytopathologic effectYesNo Incubation periodDepends on virusLong Immune responseYesNo Interferon productionYesNo Inflammatory responseYesNo

5-15 PrP Sc PrP C StructureGlobularExtended Protease resistanceYesNo Presence in scrapie fibrils YesNo Location in or on cells Cytoplasmic vesicles and extracellular milieu Plasma membrane TurnoverDaysHours Table Comparison of Scrapie Prion Protein (PrPSc) and (Normal) Cellular Prion Protein (PrPC)

4. Scrapie : b. model for proliferation of prion 5-16 Death (vacuolation) of neurons

5. Pathogenesis and immunity BOX Pathogenic Characteristics of Slow Viruses No cytopathologic effect in vitro Long doubling time of at least 5.2 days Long incubation period Cause vacuolation of neurons (spongiform), amyloid-like plaques, gliosis Symptoms that include loss of muscle control, shivering, tremors, dementia Lack of antigenicity Lack of inflammation Lack of immune response Lack of interferon production 5-17

6. Epidemiology -- CJD is transmitted by injection, transplantation of contaminated tissues (corneas), contact with contaminated medical device (brain electrode), and food. -- CJD, GSS, and FFI are also inheritable. -- Kuru is due to the eating of dead body. -- variant form CJD (vCJD) in younger people (<45 years old) in UK after mad cow disease in

5-19 Kuru: shivering or trembling in Fore tribe of New Guinea, who used to eat dead human body. Women and children are high risk.

7. Clinical syndromes: --Spongiform encephalopathies are characterized by a loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks, tremors, loss of coordination, dementia, and death. 8. Lab. diagnosis: Western blot for tonsil biopsy and histology for autopsy. 9. Treatment, prevention, and control -- Rigorous disinfection by autoclaving at 15 psi for 1 hour instead of 20 minutes and treatment with 5% HCl, and 1 M NaOH 5-20

BOX Clinical Summaries CJD: A 63-year-old man complained of poor memory and difficulty with vision and muscle coordination. Over the course of the next year, he developed senile dementia and irregular jerking movements, progressively lost muscle function, and then died. VCJD: A 25-year-old is seen by a psychiatrist for anxiety and depression. After 2 months, he has problems with balance and muscle control and has difficulty remembering. He develops myoclonus and dies within 12 months of onset.

Case study and questions: A 70-year-old woman complained of severe headaches and appeared dull and apathetic with a constant tremor in the right hand. One month later, she suffered memory loss and moments of confusion. The patient’s condition continued to deteriorate, and an abnormal electroencephalograph tracing showing periodic biphasic and triphasic slow-wave complexes was obtained 2 months later onset of symptoms. By 3 months, the patient was in a comalike state. She also had occasional spontaneous clonic twitching of the arms and legs and a startle myoclonic jerking response to a loud noise. The patient died of pneumonia 4 months after the onset of symptoms. No gross abnormalities were noted at autopsy. Astrocytic gliosis of the cerebral cortex with fibrils and intracellular vacuolation throughout the cerebral cortex were seen on microscopic examination. There was no swelling and no inflammation. 1. What viral neurological diseases would have been considered in the differential diagnosis formulated on the basis of the symptoms described? What other diseases? 2. What key features of the postmortem findings were characteristic of the disease caused by unconventional slow virus agents (spongiform encephalopathies, prions)? 3. What key features distinguish the unconventional slow virus diseases from more conventional neurological viral diseases? 4. What precautions should the pathologist have taken for protection against infection during the postmortem examination? 5-21