S TIMULANTS By: Sloane Smith and Mariah White IB Chemistry.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Effects of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Stimulants
Advertisements

Stimulants “Chemical Uppers”.
How Caffeine is Processed by the Body Where Found Caffeine occurs naturally in the leaves, seeds and fruits of many plant species. Caffeine is common in.
By Charlene Friesen and Tiffany Kirk
CHEMISTRY MEDICINES AND DRUGS STIMULANTS. Stimulants are drugs that > stimulate the brain and the central nervous system > increase the state of mental.
Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine
Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst.
Stimulants. Stimulants Stimulants are chemical substances that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system. Stimulants are chemical substances.
1 Stimulants L. Scheffler. 2 Stimulants Stimulants are chemical substances that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system. Stimulants are chemical.
Caffeine and Nicotine Andrea Pava. Nicotine and Caffeine A stimulant An alkaloid  naturally occurring chemical that contains nitrogen atoms, heterocyclic.
Medicines and drugs Stimulants. stimulants What are stimulants? Examples? What medical uses do they have?
Sandy Kulkarni 1. Stimulants Stimulants are chemical substances that enhance the activity of the brain and the central nervous system. They cause increased.
Medicines and drugs Stimulants.
Medicines and drugs Stimulants. stimulants nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines the intention of these drugs is to have similar effects to adrenaline which.
Psychoactive Drugs Drugs that affect the brain, changing mood or behavior % of adults in North America use some kind of drug on a daily basis. The.
How Drugs Enter The Body (1) Oral Administration - substance is ingested through the mouth - digested and absorbed in gastrointestinal tract - passes through.
Chemically Modifying Behaviors Copyright 2010:PEER.tamu.edu.
Neurotransmitters, Mood and Behaviour
 What are converging neural pathways and their involvement in light sensitivity?  What are diverging neural pathways and their involvement in fine motor.
Alcohol & Drugs D. Crowley, Alcohol & Drugs  To be able to identify the effects of alcohol and other drugs on the body Wednesday, August 12, 2015.
ALCOHOL & Drug Use. Adolescent Alcohol Use “Scientific evidence suggests that even modest alcohol consumption in late childhood and adolescence can result.
Drugs and the Nervous System Drug: Any substance, other than food, that changes the structure or function of the body ALL drugs (prescription, over the.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE Types, Forms and Side Effects By: Mrs J.Panayiotou For: Grade 7 Life Orientation.
20th Century World War 1 (soldier’s relief) 1920’s beginning of heavy marketing World War II Marlboro Man 1964 Smoking linked to cancer 1971 advertisements.
8 th Grade Illegal Drugs Stimulants, Depressants, and Narcotics.
Option D – Medicine and Drugs – D5.1 & D5.2 Stimulants By Chika John.
Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).
Chapter 8: Stimulants Their Effects & Common Types NEONS Names of Team Members April 6, 2005.
MUSCULAR, NERVOUS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Controlling and Fueling your Body.
Stimulants Christienne Paner Bree Tippit. Stimulants: Chemicals that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system by increasing mental alertness.
Commonly Abused Drugs.
Drugs Module 26. Classifying Drugs Psychoactive drug. –Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior. Types. –Stimulants speed.
Psychoactive Drugs.
Option D5: Stimulants Sohaib Hassan. Stimulants What are stimulants? Stimulants are drugs that increase a persons state of Mental Alertness. All stimulants.
Drugs An overview.
Amines & Amides Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. Introduction Amines and Amides contain nitrogen. Nitrogen is an important component in the structure of the.
Stimulants. Caffeine It is a natural& mild stimulant present in: Coffee; Coffee; Tea; Tea; Chocolate& Chocolate& Cola drinks. Cola drinks.
1 Stimulants. 2 Stimulants Stimulants are chemical substances that enhance the activity of the brain and the central nervous system. They cause increased.
Stimulants Emily, Ian, and Jenny. Stimulants  Drugs that affect the central nervous system  Increase brain activity and mental awareness  Relax airways.
By: Joseph Pepper, Sarah Coates, Chaniqua Jordan
Amphetamine Michelle Lubrano Teaching Concepts of Health Education I Drug Investigation Assignment Spring 2010.
7.3 Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness.
Chapter 5, Section 4.  Addiction – after the person takes a drug for a period of time, his or her body craves it just to feel normal. ▪ Alcohol ▪ Nicotine.
HOLLY CAMPBELL-BARR, LAUREN GAY AND LUCY GODDEN. The effect of drugs on the brain…
Drugs and Our Society Amphetamines Part 8. Amphetamines 1. Amphetamines have played an important role in our society since first being marketed in 1927.
Unit 5: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
Neurotransmitters Information in this presentation taken from UCCP Content.
Drugs and the Nervous System. Drugs Drug – any substance, other than food, that changes the structure or function of the body. all drugs whether legal.
Stimulants L. Scheffler.
How Drugs Effect the Nervous System. What is a Drug? Drug – any substance, other than food that changes the structure or function of the body  Legal.
Stimulants By Samantha M. and Drumil B UCLA 2014.
IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?
 Target the Limbic System (Emotions & Primary reward circuit)  Primary Neurotransmitter is Dopamine. (Normally rewards natural behavior-Evolutionary.
Neurotransmitters  Neurotransmitters sit in the terminal branch while waiting for Action Potential  Once Action Potential occurs, the vesicles open and.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS THE MESSENGERS OF NERVE CELLS.
Drugs An overview. Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect our nervous systems; and, as a result, may alter consciousness and awareness, influence how.
Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior
CHS AP Psychology Unit 5: Consciousness
STIMULANTS ARAS KOCAOĞLAN
Stimulants.
Alcohol & Drugs D. Crowley, 2007.
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine
CHEMISTRY MEDICINES AND DRUGS
Medicines and drugs Stimulants.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Drugs and Consciousness
Neurotransmitters.
Presentation transcript:

S TIMULANTS By: Sloane Smith and Mariah White IB Chemistry

A MPHETAMINES

D EVELOPMENT Amphetamine was first synthesized by Lazar Edeleano in Germany in 1887, but it only entered clinical medicine in the late 1920s when its psycho- stimulant effect was recognized. Amphetamine is structurally related to ephedrine, a natural stimulant found in plants of the genus Ephedra that was used to dilate the bronchial sacs of the lungs in the treatment of breathing disorders. The US medical and pharmaceutical establishment was worried that supplies of Ephedra in faraway China would be exhausted so an alternative was synthesized. Amphetamine promised a cheap and synthetic substitute.

E PINEPHRINE VS. A MPHETAMINE Amphetamine is structurally related to epinephrine (derived from the phenylethylamine structure)and therefore produces similar results. Sympathomimetic drugs (substances that mimic the effects of the sympathetic [fight or flight] nervous system) Amphetamine: Amphetamine_structure.png Amphetamine_structure.png Nonpolar Epinephrine: b/2/2f/Epinephrine_structure.svg/426px- Epinephrine_structure.svg.png Polar

H OW D O T HEY W ORK When ingested, many of the biological reactions normally controlled by neurotransmitters are elicited. Because it is not metabolized as rapidly as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine (these are all polar where amphetamine is nonpolar), it remains active in the body longer and effects can still be felt four to six hours after oral ingestion of a relatively small dose. Use results in an increase the synaptic activity of the dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems causing: the release of dopamine from axon terminals blocking dopamine reuptake Inhibition of the storage of dopamine in vesicles Inhibition of the destruction of dopamine by enzymes

P HYSIOLOGICAL E FFECTS The drug results in a increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature, dilated pupils, decreased appetite and fatigue, and stimulated respiration, followed by feelings of happiness and power. Using mg daily allows an individual to feel alert and confident in performing physical and mental work providing for an increase in levels of activity.

U SES Commonly used to treat ADHD in adults and children, asthma symptoms of traumatic brain injury, and daytime drowsiness symptoms of narcolepsy and chronic fatigue syndrome. Initially it was popular to diminish the appetite and to control weight.

E XAMPLES Dexedrine, Benzedrine, Ritalin, Adderall, Vyvanse, Methamphetamine , and Ecstasy.

D EPENDENCY Dependency arises from the desire to continue and heighten the euphoric effects of the drug. Long terms effects include: insomnia, restlessness, “paranoid psychosis”, hallucinations, violent and aggressive behavior, weight loss, and tremors

I NTERESTING F ACTS From 1942, Hitler received daily methamphetamine injections During World War II amphetamine was extensively used to combat fatigue and increase alertness in soldiers Under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, possession of amphetamines or their derivatives is a criminal offense

C AFFEINE

G ENERAL I NFORMATION Caffeine = Trimethylxanthine (C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 ) Found in coffee beans, tea leaves, cacao beans, some soft drinks, energy drinks, and also some pain killers and other medicine. Caffeine is addictive. Alkaloid: Compounds from plants. They all have nitrogen, a tertiary amine, and heterocyclic rings. Other examples: morphine, codeine, cocaine, and nicotine.

U SES Medical Uses: Mild diuretic Cardiac Stimulant Recreational Uses: Increases alertness Increases concentration (Helps people to stay awake…)

H OW D OES C AFFEINE W ORK ? 1) Adenosine (a chemical found in the brain) bonds to adenosine receptors. Slows nerve cell activity and causes blood vessels to dilate 2) Caffeine because it is so structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to adenosine receptors, thus blocking adenosine. Nerve cells speed up Neuron firing increases 3) Pituitary glands tricked into producing adrenaline

S TRUCTURE

E FFECTS Increases dopamine levels (like amphetamines, heroine, and cocain) Dopamine: Neurotransmitter. Activates “pleasure center.” Linked to causes for addiction Sort-term Effects: Increases alertness, concentration, and restlessness Long-term Effects: Increased irritability and jumpiness Sleep problems Caffeine’s half-life is about 6 hrs. (If 200mg is consumed at 3:00pm, 100mg will still be there at 9pm.) Increases dependency

A DDICTION … “When you get in the cycle of using caffeine, you have to keep taking the drug. Even worse, if you try to stop taking caffeine, you get very tired and depressed and you get a terrible, splitting headache as blood vessels in the brain dilate. These negative effects force you to run back to caffeine even if you want to stop.” -Marshall Brain, How Stuff Works

I NTERESTING I NFORMATION Theobromine in chocolate, a chemical that is similar to caffeine, is toxic to dogs ( mg/kg of body weight) CHOCOLATE POISONING This can occur in humans too. 150 mg/kg Children and infants should stay away from caffeine… Recent studies have shown…: “Regular coffee drinkers are 80 percent less likely to develop Parkinson's disease. Two cups a day gives you 20 percent less risk of colon cancer. Two cups a day causes an 80 percent drop in cirrhosis. Two cups a day prevents gallstone development by 50 percent. It has also shown to be beneficial in asthma, stopping headaches, boosting mood and even preventing cavities” (howitworks.com)

N ICOTINE

G ENERAL I NFORMATION C 10 H 14 N 2 Found in tobacco plant Sympathomimetic Drug that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (speeds heart, contracts blood vessels) Increases concentration Releases tension Absorbed through: Skin Lungs Mucous membranes

S TRUCTURE

H OW IT W ORKS Once absorbed, Nicotine travels through the blood stream to the brain. This then releases it to the rest of your body. This happens quickly (10-15 minutes) Removal Process: Enzymes in liver break about 80% down into cotinine. Also metabolized in lungs to cotinine and nicotine oxide. Cotinine is excreted through urine. Kidneys filter all remaining nicotine which is then also excreted through urine.

H OW IT W ORKS ( CONTINUED ) Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter. Delivers signals from brain to muscles Controls functions such as heart beat, breathing, and energy level Directs flow of information to brain When involving nicotine…: Neurons release more acetylcholine Heightened cholinergic activity (Increases awareness) Activates “reward pathways” Gives you pleasant emotions → leads to addiction Glutamate (neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning) released Can create a “memory loop” of pleasant emotions

H OW IT W ORKS ( CONTINUED )

U SES Studies have shown that nicotine may slow an on-set of Alzheimer’s Disease Cholinergic Nerves May reduce symptoms of Turrette's Syndrome

P HYSICAL E FFECTS Short-term: Can relax and/or invigorate Causes release of adrenaline Long-term: May block insulin release May increase basal metabolic rate Burn more calories at rest HOWEVER, this may also increase LDL levels in the body. Higher risk of heart attack or stroke. Increased risk of heart problems (disease), coronary thrombosis, Emphysema, Cancer, and Stroke Increase of stomach acid Increased risk of peptic ulcers

S MOKING There are 8 to 20mg of Nicotine per cigarette Only 1mg is actually absorbed… Risks: Chronic lung disease, cancers of the lung, mouth, and throat, and it can cause problems in pregnancies. Withdrawal Symptoms: Nausea, weight gain, insomnia, irritability, and depression

I NTERESTING I NFORMATION 5% of the tobacco plant is nicotine. There is a genetic defect in which the liver cannot process and break down nicotine. This causes nicotine levels to stay higher for longer periods of time without smoking. Nicotine increases the number of neurotransmitters and chemicals in the brain Endorphins

W ORKS C ITED Brain, M. (2008). How Stuff works. Hoboken, NJ: Cartwell Books, Inc dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sympathomimet ic files/chemical-structure-caffeine.png