Green Chemistry by Mina Marie Mitani

Topics of Discussion Environmental Movement Green Chemistry Importance Areas of Research Programs and Partnerships Conclusions

Environmental Movement Public Awareness No regulations Publications of effects and consequences Pattern Effects Outcry Laws and regulations

Environmental Movement “Dilution is solution” Pollution Prevention Act option of first choice national policy of US “Alternative Synthetic Pathways for Pollution Prevention” design synthesis of chemicals for PP collaborations, voluntary partnerships

Environmental Movement Approaches in recent past: Reduction of risk of manufacturing and use Innovative chemistries to treat wastes and remediate sites New monitoring and analytical tools for detection in air, water, soils New handling and containment procedures to minimize exposure

Green Chemistry Carrying out chemical activities, including chemical design, manufacture, use, and disposal, such that hazardous substances will not be used and generated Tool in accomplishing Pollution Prevention Encompasses all aspects and types of chemical processes to reduce impacts

Green Chemistry Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for pollution prevention Design of chemical products and processes that are more environmentally benign Reduction or elimination of the use or generation of hazardous substances associated with a particular synthesis or process

Importance of Green Chemistry 2 billion lbs. of chemicals were released to air land and water (USEPA) in 1994 Data includes only 365 of 70,000 chemicals available in commerce Environmental and hazardous wastes operations => economic burden environmental expenditures : cost of doing business 100-150 billion $ / year for remediation in US alone shift financial resources from costs to research & development Promise of Green Chemistry to lower overall costs associated with environmental health and safety

Areas of Research Feedstocks / Starting Materials Reagents or Transformations Reaction Conditions Final Product inter-related, separated for incremental improvements

Feedstocks / Starting Materials select and utilize more benign starting materials reduction in amount used reduction of intrinsic toxicity through structural modification / replacement risks can be reduced through protective gear and control techniques, but GC may be more cost effective and safer

Examples Alternative Synthetic Pathways Award Flexsys America L.P. New Process for 4-Aminodiphenylamine Academic Award Terrence J. Collins Carnegie Mellon University TAML™ Oxidant Activators: General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Oxidation Technologies Eliminate use of acids to break initial bonds Phosgene replacement

Alternative Reagents Assessment of the hazard of reagent Evaluation of synthetic transformation associated with use of specific reagents determine product sensitivity reaction efficiency Improve reaction efficiency Reduce needed quantity eg. Choose catalytic reagent to stoichiometric reagent

Examples Use of visible light as reagent Alternative Synthetic Pathways Award Lilly Research Laboratories Practical Application of a Biocatalyst in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Dr. Karen M. Draths Professor John W. Frost Michigan State University Use of Microbes as Environmentally-Benign Synthetic Catalysts Academic Award Terrence J. Collins Carnegie Mellon University TAML™ Oxidant Activators: General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Oxidation Technologies

Alternative Reaction Conditions Reduce or eliminate solvents used in reaction media, separations, formulations use of supercritical fluids as solvents able to tune supercritical fluids by choosing critical region to conduct chemistry Use aqueous solvent systems in place of organic solvents in chemical manufacturing Use Supercritical CO2 as a solvent Reduce operating temperatures Must evaluate impact on case by case basis

Alternative Reaction Conditions Alternative Solvents and Reaction Conditions Award Nalco Chemical Company The Development and Commercialization of ULTIMER®®: The First of a New Family of Water Soluble Polymer Dispersions Alternative Solvents/Reaction Conditions Award Argonne National Laboratory Novel Membrane-Based Process for Producing Lactate Esters. Nontoxic Replacements for Halogenated and Toxic Solvents Alternative Solvents/Reaction Conditions Award Imation Dry View™ Imaging Systems Alternative Solvents/Reaction Conditions Award The Dow Chemical Company The Development and Commercial Implementation of 100 Percent Carbon Dioxide as an Environmentally Friendly Blowing Agent for the Polystyrene Foam Packaging Market

Alternative Products Identify part of molecule that is providing intended use and part of molecule responsible for toxicity or other hazards Reduce toxicity w/o sacrificing efficacy of function eliminate toxic functional groups make molecule less bioavailable Pharmaceutical and pesticide manufacturing Change or replace products

Alternative Products Designing Safer Chemicals Award Rohm and Haas Company Designing an Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant Small Business Award Legacy Systems Incorporated Coldstrip™, A Revolutionary Organic Removal and Wet Cleaning  Technology Designing Safer Chemicals Award Albright and Wilson Americas THPS Biocides: A New Class of Antimicrobial Chemistry Designing Safer Chemicals Award Rohm and Haas Company The Invention and Commercialization of a New Chemical Family of Insecticides Exemplified by CONFIRM™ Insecticide

Program EPA Green Chemistry Program fosters research, development, implementation of innovative chemical technologies for pollution prevention in BOTH a scientifically sound and cost effective manner Supports fundamental chemical research, educational activities, international meetings and conferences, toll development, in partnership with academia, industry and other agencies

Partnerships Scientific organizations Industry Trade associations Academia Government National Labs Research centers Environmental groups International organizations

GCES Identifies opportunities to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances Suggests molecular modifications to minimize toxicity Technical information on green synthesis Database of useful green chemistry references

Conclusion Goal of benign chemistry synthesizing classes of chemicals developing reaction types (stereo-specific) Dramatic increase in funding, with support expected to continue Green chemistry research conducted in labs in academia, industry, and government around the world