LIDA 2014, June 2014, Zadar, Croatia The metrics acumen: supporting individual researchers in assessment Paul Wouters, Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS)

New roles for research libraries Increased bibliometric services at university level available through databases Increased self-assessment via “gratis bibliometrics” on the web (h-index; publish or perish; etc.) Emergence of altmetrics Increased demand for bibliometrics at the level of the individual researcher Societal impact measurements required Career advice – where to publish? 1

Mushroom growth of evaluation Relatively recent phenomenon (since mid 1970s) Formal evaluation protocols: performance indicators all over the place but citation indicators hardly visible Science policy studies tend to underestimate the proliferation and impact of indicator based evaluations Recent studies focus on performance based funding “Anecdotal evidence” shows the proliferation of especially the Hirsch Index and the JIF

Peter Dahler-Larsen The Evaluation Society – “Evaluations are not something that the individual can reject” – Evaluation as disembedded reflexive social practice – Evaluation consists of: Evaluand Criteria Systematic methodology Purpose

Evaluations are liminal One often has the feeling that there should have been a clear-cut plan for the purpose and process of an evaluation, but this is often not the case. (…) people realize too late that they had very different notions of plans for evaluation (…) The purpose of the evaluation constitutes an ongoing controversy rather than a common logical starting point. (p. 15)

Evaluation Machines Primary function: make stuff auditable Mechanization of control – degradation of work and trust? (performance paradox) Risks for evaluand and defensive responses What are their costs, direct and indirect? Microquality versus macroquality – lock-in Goal displacement & strategic behaviour

Constitutive effects Limitations of conventional critiques (eg ‘perverse or unintended effects’) Effects: Interpretative frames Content & priorities Social identities & relations (labelling) Spread over time and levels Not a deterministic process Democratic role of evaluations

Effects of indicators Intended effect: behavioural change Unintended effects: – Goal displacement – Structural changes The big unknown: effects on knowledge? Institutional rearrangements Does quality go up or down?

Responses scientific community Strategic behaviour Ambivalence Sophisticated understanding of indicators and citation numbers Responses vary by discipline, style, position (Hargens and Schuman 1990) “Self-interest” not a valid explanation

The ACUMEN project with Mike Thelwall and Judit Bar-Ilan 9

Academic Careers Understood through Measurements and Norms European 7th Framework collaborative project Capacities, Science in Society 2010 Grant Agreement: institutional partners, in 7 countries

ACUMEN research comparative analysis of peer review systems in Europe assessment of scientometric indicators in performance evaluation analysis of gender dimension in researcher evaluation Common Data Strategy assessment of webometric (and altmetric) indicators Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary (a) astronomy and astrophysics (b) public and occupational health (c) environmental engineering (d) philosophy (including history and philosophy of science) ethnographic study of important evaluation events 15 European countries Israel Italy Netherlands Poland Slovenia Spain United Kingdom 4 Academic Disciplines Tatum & Wouters | 14 November 2013

aim is to give researchers a voice in evaluation ➡ evidence based arguments ➡ shift to dialog orientation ➡ selection of indicators ➡ narrative component ➡ Good Evaluation Practices ➡ envisioned as web service portfolio expertise output influence narrative

ACUMEN Portfolio Career Narrative Links expertise, output, and influence together in an evidence-based argument; included content is negotiated with evaluator and tailored to the particular evaluation Output - publications - public media - teaching - web/social media - data sets - software/tools - infrastructure - grant proposals Expertise - scientific/scholarly - technological - communication - organizational - knowledge transfer - educational Influence - on science - on society - on economy - on teaching Evaluation Guidelines -aimed at both researchers and evaluators -development of evidence based arguments (what counts as evidence?) -expanded list of research output -establishing provenance -taxonomy of indicators: bibliometric, webometric, altmetric -guidance on use of indicators -contextual considerations, such as: stage of career, discipline, and country of residence Tatum & Wouters | 14 November 2013

Use of the ACUMEN Portfolio As a self-evaluation tool – To give insights into your career As part of a job, grant or promotion application, evaluators: – request an ACUMEN Portfolio from candidates – may request a full or cut-down Portfolio – compare the candidates’ Portfolios with the help of the guidelines

Data sources Bibliometric sources – Limitations in terms of accuracy and interpretation – Google Scholar, Scopus, Google Books and Web of Science recommended as main sources Webometric sources – More limitations in terms of accuracy and interpretation – Many different web and social web sources (e.g., Twitter, Mendeley) – Covers types of impact invisible to bibliometric indicators

Details Evaluators: Portfolio selection – Select aspects of portfolio most relevant to task, discipline and seniority of applicants – Full portfolio (10 hours) only for serious case Academics: Portfolio completion – Start with your CV - and get a librarian’s help? Evaluators: Portfolio evaluation – Compare candidates based on the importance, relevance, and reliability of the indicators driven by the narrative – Take into account academic age (and typical team size) – Start with reading and checking narrative; narrow down candidates on the basis of the narrative; compare the full ACUMEN Portfolios for similar candidates

Detailed advice about indicators Read the Guidelines for Good Evaluation Practice for help interpreting the indicators Reliability and importance of each indicator Bibliometrics – E.g., the reliability of Google Scholar results Webometrics – E.g., whether the number of tweets of an article is relevant

Academic age Start date: PhD defence Correction for: – Part time work – Work outside academia – Number of children raised after start PhD (1 year, 0.5 year is shared by carers) – Special allowances [e.g. disability, illness-related time off work > 6 months] Academic age = number of years since PhD defence – corrections

Narrative Highlights: achievements, ambitions and interests Links the three sub-portfolios together Presents self-perspective Situation dependent Not too long – Not more than 500 words

Expertise (1) Scientific/scholarly – Theoretical – Subject – Methodological – Originality/independence A few sentences briefly summarising the specific expertise. Evidence to support claims should be provided, such as citing a paper

Expertise (2) Knowledge transfer – Reviewing – Entrepreneurship Educational expertise – Courses taught or developed – Other educational expertise Examples (not more than 3 - the most prominent ones)

Output (1) Scholarly outputs (total count + top 3 for each sub- factor) – Books – Book chapters – Reviews – Editorials – Journal articles – Conference papers

Output (2) Communication to the general public (total count + top 3 for each sub-factor) – Press stories – Encyclopedia articles – Popular books/articles Teaching – Textbooks (total count + top 3) – Online courses (top 3) – Students completed (counts of: undergraduates, Master’s, PhD students)

Influence (1) Influence of science Total and average citations – Preferably both from Google Scholar and from Web of Science or Scopus Article citations – Number of citations received by each of top 3 articles h-index – The h-index is the largest number h such that at least h articles have received at least h citations

Influence (3) Influence in science (continued): top 3 Scholarly prizes Editing, editorial board membership and reviewing Conference/program committee memberships Downloads – Download counts for top 3 downloaded articles Invited talks – Total counts per type + details of top 3

Influence (7) Influence on economy Income Consultancies (top 3) Citations from patents (total count + details of top 3) Citations to patents (total count + details of top 3) Spin-offs (count)

Influence (8) Influence on education/teaching (top 3) Teaching awards Online views of presentations – Number of views of top 3, if substantial on SlideShare, YouTube, Vimeo, online learning environments, etc. Syllabus mentions – Online syllabuses or course notes pages listing the academic’s works (top 3)* – Include only when educational uptake is important

Portfolio & Guidelines ➡ Instrument for empowering researchers in the processes of evaluation ➡ Taking in to consideration all academic disciplines ➡ Suitable for other uses (e.g. career planning) ➡ Able to integrate into different evaluation systems Tatum & Wouters | 14 November 2013