UN Peacekeeping Panacea or Predicament?

Post-Cold War Conflict Threat of nuclear war is gone Threat of nuclear war is gone End of Security Council paralysis End of Security Council paralysis Success in Gulf War I Success in Gulf War I Intra-state v. interstate conflict Intra-state v. interstate conflict Rise of failed states Rise of failed states

Optimism Fades Somalia Somalia Bosnia Bosnia Rwanda Rwanda

History of UN Peacekeeping 56 Suez 60 Congo

Classifications of Peacekeeping 1 st Generation – Peace Monitoring 2 nd Generation – Nation Building 3 rd Generation – Peace Making

Diehl’s Criteria for Success Organizing Agency Organizing Agency a. Regional Organization b. Well equipped Timing Timing a. Ceasefire b. Peace deal in place c. Pre-hostilities

Diehl’s Criteria for Success Host State Consent Neutrality Geography a. Interposition b. Vulnerability 3 rd Party Cooperation Mandate/Mission

Other Peacekeeping Issues Who Pays? Who Serves? Who Pays? Who Serves? A Permanent UN army? A Permanent UN army? The right to intervene in a humanitarian crisis, “The Obligation to Protect” The right to intervene in a humanitarian crisis, “The Obligation to Protect” Security Council Reform Security Council Reform

2 nd Generation or Nation Building Roland Paris – “ The Limits of Liberal Internationalism” Roland Paris – “ The Limits of Liberal Internationalism” Are Democracy and Capitalism the right models for nation building? Are Democracy and Capitalism the right models for nation building?

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Case Studies OTP UNEF – Sinai UNEF – Sinai Bosnia Bosnia Cyprus Cyprus Somalia Somalia Rwanda Rwanda Darfur? Darfur?

Can We Save Darfur?....Congo? Somalia? Mali?

The Situation in Darfur AU Peacekeeping Force AU Peacekeeping Force Security Council authorization for a UN Force Security Council authorization for a UN Force 280k dead, 3 million displaced 280k dead, 3 million displaced Muslim v. Christian? Muslim v. Christian? Arab v. African? Arab v. African? Global Climate Change? Global Climate Change? Ceasefire? Ceasefire? Spillover into Chad Spillover into Chad

China and Sudan Chinese firms have invested $15 billion since 1996 mostly in the oil industry boosting Sudanese government revenue Chinese firms have invested $15 billion since 1996 mostly in the oil industry boosting Sudanese government revenue Offsetting US sanctions that have been in place since 1997 Offsetting US sanctions that have been in place since 1997 %10 of China’s oil imports come from Sudan %10 of China’s oil imports come from Sudan China has rejected sanctions in the UN Security Council China has rejected sanctions in the UN Security Council Oil revenue has allowed Sudan to wage war in Darfur Oil revenue has allowed Sudan to wage war in Darfur China has built arms factories in Sudan which have countered the UN arms embargo China has built arms factories in Sudan which have countered the UN arms embargo Steven Spielberg and the Olympics Steven Spielberg and the Olympics