Congress Ashlyn Nassar, Julie Bontems, Tess Bedell

I.Congress and the Persian Gulf, A.Congressional Breakdown 1.Parties 2.Votes B.Structural Aspects 1.Committees 2.Congressional Human Rights Caucus C.Powers Used and Unused 1.Legislative 2.Oversight 3.Power of the Purse Overview

II. Congress and the Bosnian Intervention, A.Congressional Breakdown 1.Parties 2.Votes B.Structural Aspects 1.Committees 2.Congressional Human Rights Caucus C.Powers Used and Unused 1.Legislative 2.Oversight 3.Power of the Purse

Congressional Breakdown - Desert Shield 102nd United States Congress ( ) ● Senate o 56 Democrats o 44 Republicans ● House of Representatives o 267 Democrats o 167 Republicans o 1 Independent

Congressional Voting - Desert Shield Authorization of Military Force Against Iraq ● Senate Joint Resolution 2 o Approved 52 to 47 o Democrats - 10 to 45 o Republicans - 42 to 2 ● House Joint Resolution 77 o Approved 250 to 183 o Democrats - 86 to 179 o Republicans to 3 o Independents - 0 to 1

Structural Aspects - Desert Shield Congressional Committees ●Hearings before the invasion ○ Senate Armed Services Committee ○ House Committee on Foreign Affairs ●Following the decision to invade ○ Funding and logistics Congressional Caucuses ● Congressional Human Rights Caucus

Congressional Powers - Desert Shield Legislative powers vs. Oversight: ● Bush sought congressional authorization for a war which the military was already prepared to fight ● House of Representatives passed a resolution supporting the President’s deployment of forces to defend Saudi Arabia ● The Senate passed a more limited resolution supporting the President’s actions in the U.N. and his demand for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait

Congressional Powers - Desert Shield Power of the Purse: ● First formal congressional action of the Gulf War: A continuing resolution that appropriated just over $2 billion for Desert Shield ● $61.1 billion overall, but was fought with only $1 billion in specific appropriations ● Congress authorized the use of force in January 1991, but did not appropriate funds for Desert Storm until April 1991; in the meantime, the entire Gulf War was waged and won

Congressional Breakdown - Joint Endeavor 104th United States Congress ( ) ● Senate o 47 Democrats o 53 Republicans ● House of Representatives o 204 Democrats o 230 Republicans o 1 Independent

Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor Bosnia and Herzegovina Self Defense Act of 1995 ● Senate Bill 21 o Passed 69 to 29 o Democrats - 21 to 24 o Republicans - 48 to 5 ● House Vote on Senate Bill 21 o Passed 298 to 128 o Democrats - 93 to 103 o Republicans to 25 o Independents - 1 to 0

Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor Authorization of Troop Deployment in Bosnia ● Senate Joint Resolution 44 o Passed 69 to 30 o Democrats - 45 to 1 o Republicans - 24 to 29 ● House Resolution 302 o Passed 287 to 141 o Democrats - 65 to 130 o Republicans to 11 o Independents - 1 to 0

Structural Aspects - Joint Endeavor Committees ●Senate Committee on Armed Services ○ Chairman Sam Nunn 1994 ○ Strom Thurmond 1996 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ●Special agency created by Congress 1976 ●Consists of 9 representatives and 9 senators, and 3 executive agency members ●Hearing on humanitarian issue in Bosnia

Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor Legislative powers: Clinton veto ● Both houses passed the measure to end the United States part in the embargo by two-thirds majorities. ● The Senate majority leader, Bob Dole agreed about the volatility of the situation ● The Senate minority leader, Tom Daschle, thought there was enough support to sustain the veto, but added that it was "a very close call," ● Clinton warned that unilaterally ending the United States role in the embargo would damage mutual security agreements with allies.

Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor Oversight and War Powers Resolution: ● President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed.bombing campaign in Kosovo ● What about the War Powers Resolution? ● The War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization. ● Challenged by a member of Congress but the court found the issue was a “non-justiciable” political question

Conclusions ●Political Parties and Voting: foreign policy approval divides along party lines ●Structure: Leaders in Congress and the President ●Powers: Congress elected to use certain powers depending on perception of the issue at hand

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