Jemmy Madison’s War The War of 1812

Focus Question: Identify three reasons nations have used to declare war on another nation. Which reason is most valid?

Objectives After today’s lesson, you will: Discuss the major causes and results of the War of 1812 Examine text for cause and effect

Tensions mounted in the Atlantic World Napoleonic Wars taxed the United States ▫Both Britain and France involved the nation  Both seized American shipping  Britain impressed American sailors Jefferson called for an embargo ▫Felt Britain and France depended on U.S. food ▫Embargo failed

Failure of the Embargo Results of the Embargo ▫Britain and France did not need American food ▫Devastated the U.S. economy  Trade collapsed  Many out of work ▫Helped foster U.S. manufacturing

Madison Administration Embargo lifted in 1809 Attempted “peaceable coercion” Achieved little ▫Nation appeared to be floundering ▫Repeated “insults” of Great Britain

Indian Troubles Tecumseh and the Prophet looked to form a Northwestern confederacy ▫Shawnee leadership ▫Composed of Great Lakes Natives Defeated at Tippecanoe in 1811 ▫Sparked greater Indian War in the Great Lakes ▫Some indication of British guns among the Shawnee

Election of the War Hawks Young generation of Congressional leaders ▫Saw Britain as insulting the U.S. ▫Looked to prove themselves ▫Soon took leadership in Congress

War of 1812 Madison sought a declaration of war ▫Reaction of British policies ▫Saw a chance to unify the nation ▫Saw a chance to capture Canada Britain lifted some trade restrictions two days before war was declared

Mixed results U.S. naval victories on the Great Lakes Invasion of Canada failed disastrously ▫U.S. unprepared for war ▫Militia did not perform as expected Widespread discontent ▫Federalists opposed to the war Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent Peace signed on December 24, 1814 Essentially an armistice Status quo ante bellum Senate approved the treaty in February 1815

Results of the War of 1812 Sparked unity within the U.S. Federalist opposition led to the party’s collapse “Second American Revolution” Led to a new relationship with Britain Future boundary disputes put to mediation

Summary Describe one change you would make in today’s lesson to improve it.