Making sense of ISIS David Siddhartha Patel Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University March 19, 2015.

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Making sense of ISIS David Siddhartha Patel Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University March 19, 2015

Outline Origins of ISIS ISIS/ISIL/DAESH/IS ?!? Goals Intentions and philosophy Why has it been successful? Who is fighting ISIS and where?

– Part of the Iraqi insurgency -Abu Musab al-Zarqawi : Jama’at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad -Oct 2004: Pledges allegiance to OBL; becomes al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) -Highly sectarian – targets Shi’ite mosques and civilians, Iraqi govt, U.S. -Feb 2006: bombing of al-Askariyya shrine in Samaraa -June 2006: Zarqawi killed -Oct 2006: Declares Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) -Largely defeated by the U.S. from June 2007 to 2010; reduced to sporadic bombing -May 2010: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi takes over 2011-present – Expansion into Syria fuels revival in Iraq -March 2011: Syrian civil war begins -Aug 2011: ISI sends cadres to Syria, who work with al-Nusra Front as al-Qaeda’s franchise. ISI becomes ISIS; renames itself in April March 2013: ISIS and allies take Raqqa -By Feb 2014: ISI/ISIS falls out with al-Nusra and al-Qaeda. All ties severed. Fights al-Nusra and FSA. Takes Fallujah in Jan Prison breaks in Iraq swell its ranks. -Early June 2014: ISIS takes Mosul, Tikrit, oil refinery in Baiji, Mosul dam -Late June 2014: ISIS proclaims itself a worldwide caliphate, The Islamic State. -Aug 2014: Attacks on Yazidis in Sinjar -Aug 2014: Obama authorizes airstrikes against ISIS

ISIS/ISIL/IS/Da‘ish?!? الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām

ISIS/ISIL/IS/Da‘ish?!? الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām داعش – Da‘ish, DAESH

ISIS/ISIL/IS/Da‘ish?!? الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām ISIS – The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria ISIL – The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant

ISIS/ISIL/IS/Da‘ish?!? الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām The Islamic State The so-called Islamic State Islamic State (BBC’s preferred term)

Area controlled by ISIS (1 November 2014)

Area controlled by ISIS (1 November 2014)

Area controlled by ISIS (3 February 2015)

The Golden Age of the ‘Rightly-Guided’ Caliphs, a.k.a. – the Rashidun Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali From Marshall G.S. Hodgson The Venture of Islam, Volume I. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 14

The spread of Islam, The Rightly-Guided Caliphs followed by: Umayyad Caliphate , based in Damascus Abbasid Caliphate , based in Baghdad Others… Ottoman Caliphate c , based in Istanbul 15

The early Islamic empire… 16

…is now divided into nation-states 17

Source: Thorp, Gene, and Swati Sharma “Fighters to Syria.” The Washington Post January 27.

The anti-ISIS coalition

The fight in Iraq General Qasem Soleimani