Power Laws By Cameron Megaw 3/11/2013. What is a Power Law?

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Presentation transcript:

Power Laws By Cameron Megaw 3/11/2013

What is a Power Law?

Measuring Power Laws Sampling Errors

Measuring Power Laws Sampling errors Solution 1: Throw out the data in the tail of the curve Statistically significant information lost Some distributions only follow a power law distribution in their tail Not recommended

Measuring Power Laws Sampling errors Solution 2: Very the width of the bins Normalize the data Results in a count per unit interval of x Very bin size by a fixed multiplier (for example 2) Bins become: 1 to 1.1, 1.1 to 1.3, 1.3 to 1.7 and so on Called logarithmic binning

Measuring Power Laws Sampling errors

Measuring Power Laws Unknown exponent

Mathematics of Power Laws Calculating C

Mathematics of Power Laws Moments

Mathematics of Power Laws Largest Value

Mathematics of Power Laws Scale Free Distribution

Mechanisms for Generating Power Laws Some examples : Combinations of exponents Inverses of quantities Random Walks The Yule process Critical phenomena

The Topology of the Internet Some Key Questions What does the internet look like? Are there any topological properties that stay constant in time? How can I generate Internet-like graphs for simulation?

Internet Instances Three Inter-domain topologies November 1997, April and December 1998 One Router topology from 1995

Metrics

Outdegree of a Node and it’s Rank

Inter domain topologies Correlation coefficient above.974 Exponents -.81, -.82, -.74 Router Correlation coefficient.948 Exponent -.48

Outdegree and it’s Rank Power Law Analysis

Frequency of the Outdegree

Inter domain topologies Correlation coefficient above.968 Exponents -2.15, -2.16, and -2.2 Router Correlation coefficient.966 Exponent -2.48

The exponent is relatively fixed for the three inter-domain topologies Topological property is fixed in time Could be used to generate models or test authenticity Similar exponent value for the router topology Could suggest a fundamental property of the network Frequency of the Outdegree Power Law Analysis

Eigenvalues and their Ordering

Inter domain topologies Correlation coefficient.99 Exponents -.47, -.50, and -.48 Router Correlation coefficient.99 Exponent

Eigenvalues are closely related to many topological properties Graph diameter Number of edges Number of spanning trees… The exponent is relatively fixed for the three inter-domain topologies Topological property seems fixed in time Can be used to generate models Significant difference in the exponent value for the router topology Can characterize different families of graphs Eigenvalues and their Ordering Power Law analysis

Hop Plot Exponent

Inter domain topologies First 4 hops Correlation coefficient above.96 Exponents -4.6, -4.7, Router First 12 hops Correlation coefficient.98 Exponent -2.8

The exponent is relatively fixed for the three inter-domain topologies Topological property seems fixed in time Can be used to generate models Significant difference in the exponent value for the router topology Can characterize different families of graphs Hop Plot Exponent Power Law analysis

The Effective Diameter

Average Neighborhood Size

Conclusions Power Law and Internet topology Can assess realism of synthetic graphs Provide important parameters for graph generators Help with network protocols Help answer “what if” questions What would the diameter be if the number of nodes doubles? What would be the average neighborhood size be?

Questions?