Application of Definite Integrals Dr. Farhana Shaheen Assistant Professor YUC- Women Campus

Calculus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting) LatincalculusLatincalculus  Calculus is a branch of mathematics with applications in just about all areas of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, sociology and economics. Calculus was invented in the 17th century independently by two of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived, the English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton and the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.  Calculus allows us to perform calculations that would be practically impossible without it.

Calculus is the study of change  Calculus is a discipline in mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations.  This subject constitutes a major part of modern mathematics education. It has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

 Calculus is a very versatile and valuable tool. It is a form of mathematics which was developed from algebra and geometry. It is made up of two interconnected topics:  i) Differential calculus  ii) Integral calculus.

 Differential calculus is the mathematics of motion and change.  Integral calculus covers the accumulation of quantities, such as areas under a curve or volumes between two curves.  Integrals and derivatives are the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. The two ideas work inversely together in Calculus.  We will discuss about integration and its applications.

INTEGRATION  Integration is an important concept in Mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in Calculus.  A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. Bernhard RiemannBernhard Riemann

Definite and Indefinite Integrals  Integration may be introduced as a means of finding areas using summation and limits. This finding areas using summation and limits. This process gives rise to the definite integral of a process gives rise to the definite integral of a function. function.  Integration may also be regarded as the reverse of differentiation, so a table of derivatives can be read backwards as a table of anti-derivatives. The final result for an indefinite integral must, however, include an arbitrary constant, because there is a family of curves having same derivatives, i.e. same slope.

Indefinite Integrals  The term Indefinite integral is referred to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function ƒ. In this case it is called an indefinite integral. Some authors maintain a distinction between anti-derivatives and indefinite integrals. antiderivativederivativeantiderivativederivative

Indefinite Integral as Net Change  Problem 1: A particle moves along the x-axis so that its acceleration at any time t is given by a(t) = 6t At time t = 0 the velocity of the particle is v(0) = 24, and at time t = 1 its position is x(1) = 20. (a) Write an expression for the velocity v(t) of the particle at any time t. (b) For what values of t is the particle at rest? (c) Write an expression for the position x(t) of the particle at any time t. (d) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 1 to t = 3.  Problem 1: A particle moves along the x-axis so that its acceleration at any time t is given by a(t) = 6t At time t = 0 the velocity of the particle is v(0) = 24, and at time t = 1 its position is x(1) = 20. (a) Write an expression for the velocity v(t) of the particle at any time t. (b) For what values of t is the particle at rest? (c) Write an expression for the position x(t) of the particle at any time t. (d) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 1 to t = 3.

Solution:  (a) v(t) = ∫ a(t) dt = ∫ (6t - 18) dt = 3t t + C 24 = 3(0)2 - 18(0) + C 24 = C so v(t) = 3t t + 24  (b) The particle is at rest when v(t) = 0. 3t2 - 18t + 24 = 0 t2 - 6t + 8 = 0 (t - 4)(t - 2) = 0 t = 4, 2 (c) x(t) = ∫ v(t) dt = ∫ (3t2 - 18t + 24) dt = t 3 - 9t t + C 20 = (1)2 + 24(1) + C 20 = C 20 = 16 + C 4 = C so x(t) = t 3 - 9t t + 4

Calculating the Area of Any Shape  Although we do have standard methods to calculate the area of some known shapes, like squares, rectangles, and circles, but Calculus allows us to do much more. like squares, rectangles, and circles, but Calculus allows us to do much more. Trying to find the area of shapes like this would be very difficult if it wasn’t for calculus. Trying to find the area of shapes like this would be very difficult if it wasn’t for calculus.

Riemann integral  The Riemann integral is defined in terms of Riemann sums of functions with respect to tagged partitions of an interval. Let [a,b] be a closed interval of the real line; then a tagged partition of [a,b] is a finite sequence Riemann sumsclosed intervalRiemann sumsclosed interval  This partitions the interval [a,b] into n sub-intervals [xi−1, xi] indexed by i, each of which is "tagged" with a distinguished point ti ε [xi−1, xi]. A Riemann sum of a function f with respect to such a tagged partition is defined as

Riemann integral  Approximations to integral of √x from 0 to 1, with ■ 5 right samples (above) and ■ 12 left samples (below)

Riemann sums  Riemann sums converging as intervals halve, whether sampled at ■ right, ■ minimum, ■ maximum, or ■ left.

Definite integral  Given a function ƒ of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of ƒ, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of ƒ, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b.

Measuring the area under a curve  Definite Integration can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x), between two points (here a and b).

Definite integral of a function  A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded by its graph.

Definite integral of a function  The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation as: Isaac NewtonGottfried Leibnizfundamental theorem of calculusIsaac NewtonGottfried Leibnizfundamental theorem of calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus  Let f(x) be a continuous function in the given interval [a, b], and F is any anti- derivative of f on [a, b], then

Area between two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) DEFINITION  If f and g are continuous and f (x) ≥ g(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then the area of the region R between f(x) and g(x) from a to b is defined as

Area between two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) Examples

Definite Integrals to find the Volumes  We can also use definite integrals to find the volumes of regions obtained by rotating an area about the x or y axis.

Solid of Revolution  A solid that is obtained by rotating a plane figure in space about an axis coplanar to the figure. The axis may not intersect the figure.  Example: Region bounded between y = 0, y = sin(x), x = π/2, x = π.

Volumes by slicing I- Disk Method I- Disk Method  A technique for finding the volume of a solid of revolution. This method is a specific case of  A technique for finding the volume of a solid of revolution. This method is a specific case of volume by parallel cross-sections. II- Washer Method   Another technique used to finding the volume of a solid of revolution. The washer method is a generalized version of the disk method.   Both the washer and disk methods are specific cases of volume by parallel cross-sections.

Volumes by Disk method  Let S be a solid bounded by two parallel planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = a and x = b. If, for each x in [a, b], the cross- sectional area of S perpendicular to the x-axis is A(x) = π(f(x)) 2,then the volume of the solid is x-axis is A(x) = π(f(x)) 2,then the volume of the solid is

Example: Right circular cone Find the volume of the region bounded between y = 0, x = 0, y = -2x+3. Here r = 3. So, f(x) = -2x + 3 in the interval [0, 3]

Example: To find volume of a Solid of Revolution Problem

Solution

Solid of revolution for the function

Revolution about the y- axis: Revolution about the y- axis:

For f(x) = 2 + Sin x, revolved about the x – axis The volume is The volume is

Solids of Revolution

Region bounded between y = 0, x = 0, y = 1, y = x 2 +1.

Objects obtained as Solids of revolution

Volumes by washer method perpendicular to the x-axis  The volume of the solid generated when the region R, (bounded above by y=f(x) and below by y=g(x)), is revolved about the x-axis, is given by

Washers Washers (disk with a circular hole)

Washer shapes in everyday life

Volume by slicing-washer method

Volumes by washer method perpendicular to the y-axis  The volume of the solid generated when the region R (bounded above by x=f(y) and below by x=g(y)), is revolved about the y-axis, is given by

Volumes by washer method

 Figure illustrates how a washer can be generated from a disk. We begin with a disk with radius r out and thickness h. A smaller concentric disk with radius r in is removed from the original disk. The resulting solid is a washer.

The Washer Method for Solids of Revolution Volume of r egion bounded between, y = x 2.

 When the solid is formed by revolving the region between the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x), where f(x) > g(x), about the y-axis, the height of the rectangle is given by h = f(x)-g(x).

Volumes by cylindrical shells Volumes by cylindrical shells  A cylindrical shell is a solid enclosed by two concentric right circular cylinders.  Let f be continuous and non-negative on [a, b], 0≤a≤b, and let R be the region that is bounded above by y = f(x), below by the x-axis, and on the sides by the lines x = a and x = b. Then the volume of the solid of revolution that is generated by revolving the region R about the y – axis is given by

Volume by cylindrical shells about the y-axis

Method of shells  The method of shells is fundamentally different from the method of disks. The method of disks involves slicing the solid perpendicular to the axis of revolution to obtain the approximating elements. However, the method of shells fills the solid with cylindrical shells in which the axis of the cylinder is parallel to the axis of revolution.

 To illustrate the computation of the volume of a cylindrical shell, a paper towel roll or toilet paper roll can be an example too.

 Central to the development of the method of shells is the idea of nesting or layering of the approximating elements. The notion of nesting can be introduced using the layers of an onion.  Central to the development of the method of shells is the idea of nesting or layering of the approximating elements. The notion of nesting can be introduced using the layers of an onion.

Shells made by Russian dolls  Another useful prop to illustrate this idea is a set of Matroyska dolls. In the Figure below, we see that the hollow dolls of varying sizes nest together compactly.

Region bounded between y = 0, y = sin(x), x = 0, x = π.

 The animation in the next Figure illustrates the steps involved with the shell method for computing the volume of the solid of revolution generated by revolving the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y = sin(x) and the x-axis about the y-axis. First, the region is partitioned and a typical shell is drawn. Approximating half-shells are drawn. To complete the visualization, the approximating shells are produced. After the approximating shells are drawn, the solid of revolution is generated.

Solids of Revolution: The Method of Shells

Region bounded between y = 0, y = -12+8x-x 2, x = 2, x = 6.

Region bounded between y = 0, y = sin(x), x = π/2, x = π Partition/Shell Shells

For method of shells…  We focus on regions bounded by the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) on the interval [a,b], the vertical lines x = a and x = b. For the illustrations we also require that f(x) is nonnegative over [a,b]. Several regions of this type are shown in the Figure.

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