Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Prepared by Joel Konrad, PhD; Rebecca Sciarra, MA; and Annie Veilleux, MA Borders in Globalization Conference, September , Carleton University

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Can regional boundaries help us manage Ontario’s cultural heritage record? If so, do regional boundaries represent a new scale for addressing land-use planning and economic development? Introduction and Scope The field of conservation planning and cultural resource management Presentation Overview Borders and cultural resource management and conservation planning Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Definitions and Policy Context Absence of a Regional Framework: Problems and Issues Future areas of inquiry

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario How do borders intersect with cultural heritage resource management? Historic boundaries define and categorize Ontario’s cultural heritage record Map showing the Toronto-Carrying Place Trail, from Percy J. Robinson’s Toronto During the French Regime (1933). The Humber River is designated as a Canadian Heritage River, in part because of its associations with the Toronto Carrying Place Trail. This trail followed the Humber River Valley northward over the Oak Ridges Moraine to the headwaters of the west branch of the Holland River. It was one of a number of water and overland routes used by early Aboriginal peoples that connected Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay and Lake Huron via the Lake Simcoe watershed..

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario How do borders intersect with cultural heritage resource management? Practitioners operate within cultural regions – examining flows of cultural influence and the aesthetics of place. Stone foundations composed of Credit River sandstone, located 9 km outside the East Credit Valley watershed and within the Etobicoke Creek watershed.

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario How do borders intersect with cultural heritage resource management? Legislative and regulatory frameworks are applied within political jurisdictions and across land management units Excerpt of City of Hamilton Official Plan, showing identified cultural heritage resources located within the municipal urban boundary.

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Defining ‘Cultural Heritage Landscape’ 2005 and 2014 Ontario Provincial Policy Statements a defined geographical area of heritage significance which has been modified by human activities and is valued by a community. It involves a grouping(s) of individual heritage features such as structures, spaces, archaeological sites and natural elements, which together form a significant type of heritage form, distinctive from that of its constituent elements or parts. Examples may include but are not limited to, heritage conservation districts designated under the Ontario Heritage Act; and villages, parks, gardens, battlefields, mainstreets and neighbourhoods, cemeteries, trailways, and industrial complexes of cultural heritage value

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Managing Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Ontario Heritage Act, Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act (revised 2009) 1976 Environmental Assessment Act (amended 1997) 1990 Cemeteries Act (amended 2007) 1990 Planning Act (amended 2009) 1990 Environmental Protection Act (amended 2009) 2004 MEI Class Environmental Assessment Process (revised 2008) 2005 Provincial Policy Statement 2005 Greenbelt Act 2005 Places to Grow Act 2006 The Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe 2006 Draft Duty to Consult Guidelines 2006 Provincial Parks and Conservation Reserves Act 2007 ORC Heritage Management Process & Class Environmental Assessment (EA) Process 2009 Green Energy Act 2010 Ministry of Tourism and Culture Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Provincial Heritage Property 2010 The Northern Growth Plan

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Why are cultural heritage landscapes an important component of public policy? A democratized cultural heritage record Pipe bowls excavated from the Skandatut archaeological site; a site that together with a nearby ossuary, express sacred traditions and settlement patterns associated with the Huron/Petun and also reflect upon the final moments of the permanent Iroquoian occupation in this portion of the South Slope prior to the migration of these communities northward to Huronia.

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Why are cultural heritage landscapes an important component of public policy? Environmental protection Stairs leading through High Park, City of Toronto. Deeded to the City of Toronto in 1873; used as park land since 1873; retains an early 19 th century regency cottage; recreational facilities; Oak Savannah; now identified as an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI).

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Why are cultural heritage landscapes an important component of public policy? Economic development Ice-skating on the Rideau Canal, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006.

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Absence of a Regional Framework: Problems and Issues Historic and civic identity structured and confined by the municipal scale Variability in municipal heritage policy frameworks and impacts at the borderlands

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Historic and Civic Identity Confined by Municipal Boundaries Heritage regulation authorizes ‘places’ of historic and civic identity

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Historic and Civic Identity Confined by Municipal Boundaries Political mechanisms to define civic identity

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Historic and Civic Identity Confined by Municipal Boundaries Contested municipal identity: Brantford, Six Nations and Regional Heritage

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Policy Gaps at the Borderlands – Holland Marsh Case Study Holland Marsh as a Cultural Heritage Landscape Holland Marsh, aerial view. Holland Marsh, 1954.

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Policy Gaps at the Borderlands – Holland Marsh Case Study Regional policy classifications – The Green Belt Plan and Holland Marsh categorized as ‘Specialty Crop Area’

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Issue: Policy Gaps at the Borderlands – Holland Marsh Case Study Municipal Officials Plans – Lack of area specific cultural heritage resource policies for the Holland Marsh

Archaeological Services Inc. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Regional Borders and Cultural Heritage Landscapes in Ontario Areas of Future Inquiry and Resulting Questions 1.Does scale jumping and do regional boundaries for cultural heritage landscapes present new opportunities for economic development, recreation, and sustainability objectives? 2.What are some mechanisms for regulating cultural heritage landscapes situated at the borderlands? 3.What inter-jurisdictional governance models or assessment techniques might be possible to address cultural heritage landscapes located at international borders? 4.How does the archaeological record relating to cultures operating in the Great Lakes Region in the pre-contact period tell us about the coalescence and dispersal of specific cultural and/or linguistic communities?

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