The Atmosphere Chap. 11 Atmosphere Basics State of the Atmosphere Moisture in Atmosphere

Atmosphere Basics – 11.1 Describe the composition of the atmosphere Compare and contrast the various layers of the atmosphere Identify three methods of transferring energy throughout the atmosphere http://eob.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages

Atmospheric composition

Atmospheric composition 99% nitrogen and oxygen

Atmospheric composition 99% nitrogen and oxygen Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%

Atmospheric composition 99% nitrogen and oxygen Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1% The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%

Atmospheric composition 99% nitrogen and oxygen Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1% The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4% There are solids in the atmosphere

Atmospheric composition 99% nitrogen and oxygen Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1% The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4% There are solids in the atmosphere Dust Salt Ice

II. Important gases of atmosphere

II. Important gases of atmosphere Carbon dioxide and water http://weathersavvy.com/Q-Clouds_AffectTemperature.html

II. Important gases of atmosphere Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth. Ozone http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/2004/03/03.html

II. Important gases of atmosphere Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth. Ozone – absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere Closest to Earth. Weather and pollution occur here. Temp. decreases as altitude increases. Ends at about 16 km at tropics, 9 km near poles.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Stratosphere

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Stratosphere Composed mostly of ozone. Is warmed by solar radiation. The higher the altitude the warmer.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Mesosphere

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Mesosphere No ozone. This layer gets cooler as you ascend.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere Temperature more than 1000º C. There are very few air particles here. Includes ions in a region called the _________.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere Temperature more than 1000º C. There are very few air particles here. Includes ions in a region called the ionosphere.

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Exosphere

III. Layers of the Atmosphere Exosphere Light gases found here (hydrogen and helium). Gradually transitions into space.

IV. Energy Transfer

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) Not all this energy stays on Earth.

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) Not all this energy stays on Earth. Radiation heats ________ objects faster.

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) Not all this energy stays on Earth. Radiation heats dark objects faster. Radiation heats water ______ than land.

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) Not all this energy stays on Earth. Radiation heats dark objects faster. Radiation heats water slower than land. Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.

IV. Energy Transfer Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) Not all this energy stays on Earth. Radiation heats dark objects faster. Radiation heats water slower than land. Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves. When solar radiation hits surface of the Earth, the wavelength becomes longer.

IV. Energy Transfer Conduction – transferring energy by contact.

IV. Energy Transfer Conduction – transferring energy by contact. Warm particles collide with cooler particles.

IV. Energy Transfer Conduction – transferring energy by contact. Warm particles collide with cooler particles. This really only heats air near surface.

IV. Energy Transfer Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.

IV. Energy Transfer Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. Warm particles have lower density and rise.

IV. Energy Transfer Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. Warm particles have lower density and rise. Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall.

IV. Energy Transfer Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. Warm particles have lower density and rise. Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall. This motion creates convection currents.

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State of the Atmosphere – 11.2 Earth’s atmosphere from the ISS (360 km above Earth) Describe the various properties of the atmosphere and how they interact Explain why atmospheric properties change with changes in altitude

I. Temperature

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substance

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substance Heat describes a transfer of energy

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Fahrenheit

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Fahrenheit Celsius

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Dew point (condensation temp.) Temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to reach saturation

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Dew point (condensation temp.) This varies depending on water content of the air

I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales Dew point (condensation temp.) This varies depending on water content of the air When temperature reaches dew point, condensation can occur

I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes

I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes Air cools as elevation increases

I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes Air cools as elevation increases Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m

I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes Air cools as elevation increases Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL)

I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes Air cools as elevation increases Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL) Moist air cools at about 6ºC / 1000 m

II. Pressure

II. Pressure Air pressure and density

II. Pressure Air pressure and density The air near the Earth’s surface is ______ than air further up

II. Pressure Air pressure and density The air near the Earth’s surface is denser than air further up The higher you go, the lower the pressure because . . .

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship As the temperature goes ↑, the pressure goes ___.

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship As the temperature goes ↑, the pressure goes ↑ . This relationship is called a direct relationship.

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship Temperature-Density relationship

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship Temperature-Density relationship As the temperature ↑, the density goes ___ .

II. Pressure Air pressure and density Temperature–Pressure relationship Temperature-Density relationship As the temperature ↑, the density goes _↓_ . This relationship is called an inverse relationship.

III. Temperature Inversions

III. Temperature Inversions The temperature of the air increases the higher the elevation.

III. Temperature Inversions The temperature of the air increases the higher the elevation. These layers act like a lid, holding in gases below.

IV. Wind

IV. Wind Results from differences in temperature.

IV. Wind Results from differences in temperature. Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressure

IV. Wind Results from differences in temperature. Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressure Cooler air has a higher density and falls, causing high pressure

V. Relative Humidity

V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on:

V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on: How much moisture is in the air

V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on: How much moisture is in the air How much moisture could be in the air Amount of moisture present x 100 Amount of moisture possible

V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on: How much moisture is in the air How much moisture could be in the air Note – warm air holds more moisture.

V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on: How much moisture is in the air How much moisture could be in the air Note – warm air holds more moisture. If the relative humidity is 100% this means the atmosphere is __________.

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Moisture in the Atmosphere - 11.3 Explain how clouds are formed Identify the basic characteristics of different cloud groups Describe the water cycle

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises. This air expands and cools

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises. This air expands and cools The air reaches its dew point

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises. This air expands and cools The air reaches its dew point Water droplets condense around condensation nuclei Surface on which water droplets can form. Smoke or dust particles can act as condensation nuclei

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises. This air expands and cools The air reaches its dew point Water droplets condense around condensation nuclei A cloud forms

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Orographic lifting Cloud formation as a result of wind moving air into a mountain. This moves the air upward.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Orographic lifting Warm air encounters cold air

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability The ability to resist rising

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds. An unstable atmosphere will have vertical development. Thunderstorms indicate an unstable atmosphere.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability Latent heat The heat exchanged during a phase change.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability Latent heat Energy required to evaporate water is stored in the water vapor.

I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise Atmospheric stability Latent heat Energy required to evaporate water is stored in the water vapor. When the water vapor condenses this heat is released.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm Form high in atmosphere, made of ice crystals, appear as thin, white, feathery clouds

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus Cumulus Flat-based, puffy white clouds with cauliflower appearance on top. Extends vertically several thousand ft.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus Cumulus Stratus 3 main cloud types http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm Layered cloud that covers most of the sky. Forms at low altitudes. Often gray.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus Cumulus Stratus Cirrostratus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov High, thin clouds that give sky a milky white appearance.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus Cumulus Stratus Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Delicate clouds forming in bands a ripples. These rare clouds form when cirrus clouds degenerate.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Altostratus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Clouds of intermediate height, having blue-gray appearance. Composed of ice crystals and water.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Altostratus Altocumulus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Have oval shapes, colored white with gray undersides. May produce mild precipitation.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Altostratus Altocumulus Nimbostatus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Often associated with steady precipitation. Can occur in thick, continuous layers.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Altostratus Altocumulus Nimbostatus Stratocumulus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Can cover the sky in dark, heavy masses. Form irregular masses close to the ground.

I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Altostratus Altocumulus Nimbostatus Stratocumulus Cumulonimbus http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Puffy, white cloud. Towering clouds that extend upward to heights of 2-5 miles. Cause thunderstorms

II. The Water Cycle

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