"THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Macromolecule Polymer Monomer Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. Macromolecule Polymer Monomer

What is a MACROMOLECULE

What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

So What Is A Macromolecule? A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together.

Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P)

Next Word….. Polymer

"Poly" Polygons Polyester Polygamy Means...

MANY POLY means

What does “Mono” mean? 1

A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A NECKLACE Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A NECKLACE EACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

Now you and a buddy need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.

The Big Four

Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, P, and N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA

Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

Keep the following in mind when studying this material: Nucleic Acids What they look like Carbohydrates What they do/Where are they Lipids What are they made up of- at the level of atoms Proteins Keep the following in mind when studying this material:

Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C6H12O6 sucrose starch

Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores. Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant or a horse (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach) Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.

Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF... Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… GLUCOSE

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen CARBOHYDRATES AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates starch glycogen energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton

Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal)

PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones

Proteins: Multipurpose molecules

Proteins insulin pepsin collagen (skin) Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin collagen (skin)

Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions

Proteins variable group —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = amino acids amino acid – 20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words —N— H | —C— C—OH || O variable group

Amino acid chains Proteins Each amino acid is different amino acids chained into a polymer amino acid Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it

Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic “water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell the protein folds

Water-loving amino acids Hydrophillic “water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell the protein folds

For proteins: SHAPE matters! Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen

It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) unfolded “denatured” folded

PROTEINS THINK: “CHONS” Each protein is made up of… AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur THINK: “CHONS”

Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber! 2003-2004

Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female) 2003-2004

LIPIDS MADE UP OF... Lipids are not polymers. But they are created by the same process that creates polymers. The most common lipids are… TRIGLYCERIDES

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter This is a triglyceride molecule

Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” 2003-2004

Saturated fats Most animal fats Limit the amount in your diet solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries 2003-2004

Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet 2003-2004

Saturated vs. unsaturated  2003-2004

Other lipids in biology Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease 2003-2004

Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water “like” water tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water forms a barrier between the cell & the outside 2003-2004

LIPIDS THINK: “CHOP” Each lipid is made up of… AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each lipid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen… and sometimes phosphorus THINK: “CHOP”

The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

Nucleic Acids DNA Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation DNA proteins

DNA RNA Where are they found? Inside the nucleus of a cell Inside the nucleus and in the cytoplasm

Nucleic Acids are made of… DNA and RNA are polymers of 4 different nucleotides (monomers) Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: a nitrogen base DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U) a five-carbon sugar Deoxyribose (DNA) Ribose (RNA) a phosphate group DNA is double-sided RNA is single-sided

Nucleic acids phosphate sugar N base

Phosphate, Hydrogen, Oxygen, DNA and RNA AT THE ATOM LEVEL Phosphate, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Think “PHONC”

Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers

Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino acid – Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP

How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

Example of digestion Starch is digested to glucose starch glucose ATP

amino acids = building block Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer

ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP

What do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running bodies carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids vitamins minerals, salts water