Levels of Cellular Organization 6th Science 2011

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular: One celled organism. They must perform all activities within one cell. NO TISSUES, ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!

Multi-cellular Organisms Multi-cellular – Organisms made of more than one cell. The cells work together to make tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Similar Carry on all 7 characteristics of life. Have the same MAIN cell parts as multi-cellular organisms. Mitochondria, vacuole, ER, nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplast, golgi bodies, etc. Except nucleus in Arachebacteria and Eubacteria Different Cells in multi-cellular organisms have a specific job. Unicellular organism must carry on all 7 characteristics of life in one cell. 2. Multi-cellular organisms have tissues, organs, and organ systems. Unicellular organisms DO NOT.

Levels of Cellular Organization

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION -Cells work together to form tissues Cardiac cells Muscle tissue Cardiac organ epithelial tissue Bone cells Bone

Levels of Organization Tissue- group of similar cells working together

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Tissues work together to form organs

Levels of Organization An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose Skin- epithelial-connective-nerve

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION -Organs work together to form organ systems Arteries & veins Circulatory system heart Cartilage & tendons Skeletal system bones

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION -Organ systems work together to form the whole organism Skeletal system Whole organism Circulatory system Muscular system

Levels of Organization Cells that work together to do the same job form tissues Tissues that work together to do the same job form organs Organs that work together to do the same job form systems Systems work together to form the whole multi-cellular organism

4 Types of Tissues Epithelial – SKIN!! Function – Covers the outside of the body and lines the inside of your body!! Your skin is the largest organ in your body!

4 Types of Tissues Connective – ligaments, cartilage, blood, and bone Function – fills in space and connects other tissues together; support, protects, nourishs and insulates organs. RBC Bone WBC

4 Types of Tissues Muscular – Smooth and skeletal muscles Function - contrasts and relaxes to allow movements; makes up some organs Smooth Skeletal

4 Types of Tissue Nervous – nerves(makeup brain and spinal cord) Function – transmits messages through the body

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to perform specific jobs The shape of the cell is designed for its job Red blood cells Nerve cells Liver cells Cardiac cells

As you know, all living things are made of cells As you know, all living things are made of cells. We have looked at two types of cells: Typical LEAF Plant Cells NOT – root, stem or flower!!!! Typical SKIN Cells – not nervous, muscle, bone, etc But not all plant cells are rectangular and not all animal cells are circular!!!!!!!!!

Form Fits Function Nerve Cells Onion skin cells The shape of the cell is designed for its job Nerve Cells Onion skin cells

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cell – Smooth muscle Tissue – Smooth muscle Function – Provide gas exchange between blood and environment. Cell – Smooth muscle Tissue – Smooth muscle Organ – Lungs & nose

Digestive System Function – Breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for cellular respiration. Cell – smooth muscle cells Tissue – smooth muscle tissue Organs – stomach, liver, gall bladder, small intestines, large intestines

Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS, INTESTINES, ETC) Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly? These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are: Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found: Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs. Digestive System Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord NERVOUS SYSTEM Function – carries messages back and forth between the spinal cord and the brain and every other part of the body. ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord TISSUE - NERVOUS CELL: This is a nerve cell called a neuron. Draw it into your notes. Notice the shape. It is shaped like a wire to carry electrical messages to and from the brain.

Nervous Cells Nervous cells are shaped like wires to carry electrical impulses.

NERVOUS TISSUE Organs where nervous tissue can be found are: Spinal cord Neurons Nerves Brain

Other organ systems directly dependent on Nervous Tissue: Circulatory System Muscular System

Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms need oxygen?

White Blood Function: Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign objects in the blood. Why do red and white blood cells look different??

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Function – Circulates blood throughout your body which carries important nutrition and oxygen for your cells. CELLS - These are red blood cells called erythrocytes. Draw one into your notes. Notice the shape. It has a hole in the center because it doesn’t have any organelles so it can hold more oxygen. It is also very flexible. Why do you think that would be important?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RBC WBC This is a white blood cell called a leucocyte. Draw it into your notes. Notice the shape: White blood cells are shaped like blobs to gobble up bacteria like Pac-man. Both these blood cells along with platelets make up BLOOD. Blood is a tissue. Why????? RBC WBC

Circulatory System Cell & TISSUE: Cardiac Muscle, RBC & WBC These are cardiac muscle cells in cardiac muscle tissue . Draw it into your notes. Notice the shape. Banded for strength and quickness so your heart can pump the blood through your body. Why do you think these cells need to be strong and able to contract quickly?

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE Organs where Cardiac tissue can be found are: Organ Systems where Cardiac Tissue is found: Heart ONLY Circulatory System

Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood Tissue: CONNECTIVE TISSUE Organ Systems where BLOOD Tissue is found: The Circulatory System is responsible for delivering oxygen and food to all the cells in the body. Circulatory System Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood Tissue: ALL OTHER SYSTEMS

Organs – heart and blood vessels. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TISSUE – Connective, nervous, and muscular. Organs – heart and blood vessels.

Does blood support, protect or connect? CIRCULATRY SYSTEM Heart and blood vessels Does blood support, protect or connect?

FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and protects organs SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and protects organs CELL -This is a bone cell. Draw it into your notes. This big hole is where tiny nerves run through. Does bone support, protect or connect? Notice the shape. It has tiny holes called pores to make the bone lightweight but strong.

Bone Cells Bone cells are circular and stack on each other to make the bone strong.

Muscle Cells Muscle cells look like rubber bands that contract when they get the impulse from the nerve.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Other organ systems directly dependent on Bone Tissue: Organs: Bones Tissue: Connetcive Bones Skeletal System Muscular System

Cartilage and Fat are also Connective Tissues. What do they do? Fat Cartilage Protects Protects

Tissue – Skeletal Muscle Organs – Muscles MUSCLE SYSTEM Function – moves and connect your bone Cell – Skeletal Muscle Tissue – Skeletal Muscle Organs – Muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLE Notice the Shape:Skeletal muscle cells are banded (striped) to contract quickly, tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MOVE YOUR BONES!!!!!!!! Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract quickly and smoothly? These are skeletal muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

SKELETAL MUSCLE Organs where skeletal muscle can be found are: Organ Systems where Skeletal muscle is found: Muscles Muscular System Other organ systems directly dependent on Cardiac Muscle Tissue: SKELETAL SYSTEM

Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS, INTESTINES, ETC) Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly? These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are: Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found: Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs. Digestive System Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

Skin Function : Flat to stack on each other and protect the body.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Function – forms a protective layer for outside of the body (skin) and lines hollow spaces (mouth, ear, nose, etc.) and organs. This is a epithelial (skin) cell. Draw it into your notes. Notice the shape. It is thin and flat to fit together like tiles on a floor to shield the cells underneath.

MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Organs where epithelial tissue can be found are: Stomach lining Mouth lining Lining of the intestines and blood vessels MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN.

Other organ systems directly dependent on Epithelial Tissue: Organ Systems where Epithelial Tissue is found: Other organ systems directly dependent on Epithelial Tissue: Digestive System Circulatory System

PLANT TISSUES Plants are also made up of cells. These cells form tissues and organs just like animals. There are three basic organs in any plant. These organs are the roots, the stem and the leaves. Each one is made up of tissues that perform different functions to keep the plant alive.

Leaf Function : Hard brick to stack on each other and make the plant stand up. The vacuole pushes against the cell wall.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS Stems – support the above ground parts of the plant. Transports food and water between the leaves and the roots. Stems help the other two types of plant organs by holding the leaves up so they can receive maximum sunlight. Stems also transport water from the roots to the leaves and transport food from the leaves to the roots.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem These are xylem cells. Draw them into your notes. Notice their shape. Xylem cells are shaped like tubes to carry water and minerals in an upward direction from the roots to the leaves. FUNCTION: Carry water and Minerals to rest of plant.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem These are phloem cells. Draw them into your notes. Notice their shape. Cells are shaped like straws to carry food made in the leaves all over the plant. FUNCTION: Carries food to rest of plant from the leaves.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS ROOTS FUNCTION– absorb water and minerals from the soil, anchor the plant and store food made in the leaves. Roots provide stems and leaves with water and minerals. Roots absorb the water and minerals from the soil

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS Roots are also made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem This is a root in cross section. Draw it into your notes. Xylem are the cells in the middle. Phloem are the cells around the outside. Xylem and Phloem have the same function in the root. Root in Cross Section

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGAN LEAVES FUNCTION: Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis. This is a leaf cell. Draw them into your notes. Notice the Shape: Leaf cells are rectangular for strength. They are also thin and flat to expose the chloroplasts to sunlight.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis. Mesophyll – the middle layer where photosynthesis takes place. Cuticle – waxy layer, prevents water loss. This is a leaf in cross section.

Skeletal System Function: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells. Organ: Bone Tissue: Connective Cell: Bone Cell

Function: Contracts and allows the body to move Muscular System Function: Contracts and allows the body to move Organ: Muscle Tissue: Muscle Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory System Function: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out. Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries Tissue: muscle and nerve Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

Function: Breaks down food for our body to use for energy Digestive System Function: Breaks down food for our body to use for energy Organs; Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, gall bladder, pancreas Tissue: smooth muscle Cell: smooth muscle cell

Skeletal System Function: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells. Organ: Bone Tissue: Connective Cell: Bone Cell

Function: Contracts and allows the body to move Muscular System Function: Contracts and allows the body to move Organ: Muscle Tissue: Muscle Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory System Function: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out. Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries Tissue: muscle and nerve Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

Function: Protects the body and your organs Skin Function: Protects the body and your organs Organ: Skin Tissue: Epitheleal Cell: Skin

Function: Regulates varies body functions(hormones) Endocrine System Function: Regulates varies body functions(hormones) Organs: hypothalmous Tissue: smooth muscle Cell: smooth muscle

Functions: Removes liquid and solid wastes from the body Excretory System Functions: Removes liquid and solid wastes from the body Organs: kidney, colon, spleen Tissue: smooth muscle Cell: smooth muscle

Function: Produces male and females sex cells Reproductive System Function: Produces male and females sex cells Organs: testes and ovaries Tissues: smooth muscle Cell: smooth muscle cells