GENETICS REVIEW

One variety of strawberry is resistant to a damaging fungus, but produces small fruit. Another strawberry variety produces large fruit, but is not resistant to the same fungus. The two desirable qualities may be combined in a new variety of strawberry plant by (1) cloning (2) asexual reproduction (3) direct harvesting (4) selective breeding 1 2 3 4

The diagram below represents a portion of a type of organic molecule present in the cells of organisms. What will most likely happen if there is a change in the base sequence of this molecule? (1) The molecule will be converted into an inorganic compound. (2) The amino acid sequence may be altered during protein synthesis. (3) The chromosome number will decrease in future generations. (4) The chromosome number may increase within the organisms. 1 2 3 4

Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below. There is an error in the DNA molecule in segment 1, only segments 2 and 3 (3) segment 3, only (4) segments 2 and 4 1 2 3 4

When changes occur in the genes of sex cells, these changes (1) lead to mutations in the parent organism (2) are always harmful to the offspring (3) can be the basis for evolutionary change (4) only affect asexually reproducing organisms 1 2 3 4

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that each contain (1) genetic information from one parent (2) genetic information from two parents (3) less genetic information than either parent (4) a unique combination of genetic information 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 The molecule represented below is found in living things. Which statement describes one characteristic of this molecule? (1) It is the template for the replication of genetic information. (2) Organic catalysts are made up of these molecules. (3) It is different in each cell of an organism. (4) Cell membranes contain many of these molecules. 1 2 3 4

A mutation changes a gene in a cell in the stomach of an organism A mutation changes a gene in a cell in the stomach of an organism. This mutation could cause a change in (1) both the organism and its offspring (2) the organism, but not its offspring (3) its offspring, but not the organism itself (4) neither the organism nor its offspring 1 2 3 4

When DNA separates into two strands, the DNA would most likely be directly involved in (1) replication (2) fertilization (3) differentiation (4) evolution 1 2 3 4

The instructions for the traits of an organism are coded in the arrangement of (1) glucose units in carbohydrate molecules (2) bases in DNA in the nucleus (3) fat molecules in the cell membrane (4) energy-rich bonds in starch molecules 1 2 3 4

Which statement is true regarding an alteration or change in DNA? (1) It is always known as a mutation. (2) It is always advantageous to an individual. (3) It is always passed on to offspring. (4) It is always detected by the process of chromatography 1 2 3 4

Scientific studies show that identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes may vary in height, weight, and intelligence. The most probable explanation for these differences is that (1) original genes of each twin increased in number as they developed (2) one twin received genes only from the mother while the other twin received genes only from the father (3) environments in which they were raised were different enough to affect the expression of their genes (4) environments in which they were raised were different enough to change the genetic makeup of both individuals 1 2 3 4

The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using (1) a scalpel (2) Electrophoresis (3) hormones (4) enzymes 1 2 3 4

Asexually reproducing organisms pass on hereditary information as (1)sequences of A, T, C, and G (2)chains of complex amino acids (3)folded protein molecules (4)simple inorganic sugars 1 2 3 4

(1)gene replication (2)natural selection (3)random mutation For centuries, certain animals have been crossed to produce offspring that have desirable qualities. Dogs have been mated to produce Labradors, beagles, and poodles. All of these dogs look and behave very differently from one another. This technique of producing organisms with specific qualities is known as (1)gene replication (2)natural selection (3)random mutation (4)selective breeding 1 2 3 4

The diagram below shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of mRNA is known as a (1)carbohydrate (2)Gene (3)ribosome (4)chromosome 1 2 3 4

Which row in the chart below best describes what happens when some DNA bases are deleted from a gene? 1 2 3 4

A researcher recently discovered a new species of bacteria in the body of a tubeworm living near a hydrothermal vent. He compared the DNA of this new bacterial species to the DNA of four other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of all four species. According to these data, the unknown bacterial species is most closely related to (1)species I (3)species III (2)species II (4)species IV 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 Molecule 1 represents a segment of hereditary information, and molecule 2 represents the portion of a molecule that is determined by information from molecule 1. What will most likely happen if there is a change in the first three subunits on the upper strand of molecule 1? (1) The remaining subunits in molecule 1 will also change. (2) A portion of molecule 2 may be different. (3) Molecule 1 will split apart, triggering an immune response. (4) Molecule 2 may form two strands rather than one. 1 2 3 4

The diagram below represents a process that occurs within a cell in the human pancreas. This process is known as (1) digestion by enzymes (2) protein synthesis (3) energy production (4) replication of DNA 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 The abnormal wing structure was most likely due to The diagrams below represent portions of the genes that code for wing structure in two organisms of the same species. Gene 1 was taken from the cells of a female with normal wings, and gene 2 was taken from the cells of a female with abnormal wings The abnormal wing structure was most likely due to an insertion a substitution a deletion (4) normal replication 1 2 3 4

Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction? (1) one parent, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to the parent (2) one parent, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents (3) two parents, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to parents (4) two parents, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents 1 2 3 4

The type of molecule represented below is found in organisms. Which statement correctly describes the sequence of bases found in this type of molecule? (1) It changes every time it replicates. (2) It determines the characteristics that will be inherited. (3) It is exactly the same in all organisms. (4) It directly controls the synthesis of starch within a cell. 1 2 3 4

Which cell structure is correctly paired with its primary function? (1) ribosome–protein synthesis (2) mitochondrion–movement (3) vacuole–cell division (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients 1 2 3 4

Which statement best describes a human chromosome? (1) It is made of amino acid subunits that form genes. (2) It contains genes that may code for the production of enzymes. (3) It is normally passed to the next generation through a placenta. (4) It varies in function from one generation to the next. 1 2 3 4

If 15% of a DNA sample is made up of thymine, T, what percentage of the sample is made up of cytosine, C? (1) 15% (3) 70% (2) 35% (4) 85% 1 2 3 4

To produce large tomatoes that are resistant to cracking and splitting, some seed companies use the pollen from one variety of tomato plant to fertilize a different variety of tomato plant. This process is an example of selective breeding DNA sequencing direct harvesting (4) cloning 4 3 1 2

The genetic code of a DNA molecule is determined by a specific sequence of (1) ATP molecules (2) sugar molecules (3) chemical bonds (4) molecular bases 1 2 3 4

The sequence of subunits in a protein is most directly dependent on the (1) region in the cell where enzymes are produced (2) DNA in the chromosomes in a cell (3) type of cell in which starch is found (4) kinds of materials in the cell membrane 1 2 3 4

What determines the kind of genes an organism possesses? (1) type of amino acids in the cells of the organism (2) sequence of the subunits A, T, C, and G in the DNA of the organism (3) size of simple sugar molecules in the organs of the organism (4) shape of the protein molecules in the organelles of the organism 1 2 3 4

Which statement is true regarding an alteration or change in DNA? (1) It is always known as a mutation. (2) It is always advantageous to an individual. (3) It is always passed on to offspring. (4) It is always detected by the process of chromatography. 1 2 3 4

The instructions for the traits of an organism are coded in the arrangement of (1) glucose units in carbohydrate molecules (2) bases in DNA in the nucleus (3) fat molecules in the cell membrane (4) energy-rich bonds in starch molecules 1 2 3 4

The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in (1) a nucleus (2) a chromosome (3) a protein molecule (4) an enzyme molecule 1 2 3 4

The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using (1) a scalpel (2) Hormone (3) electrophoresis (4) enzymes 1 2 3 4

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