1; movies Topography of a fast spreading ridge (EPR)

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Presentation transcript:

1; movies

Topography of a fast spreading ridge (EPR)

Topography of a slow spreading ridge (south atlantic)

2; topography

Melt beneath a fast-spreading ridge (East Pacific Rise)

Ophiolites

3; classic ophiolites

Oman ophiolite

Pillow lavas

Sheeted Dikes

Layered Gabbros

V s is the particles' settling velocity (vertically downwards if ρ p > ρ f, upwards if ρ p < ρ f ) g is the acceleration due to gravity, ρ p is the density of the particles, and ρ f is the density of the fluid Stokes law

4; settling

Massive gabbro

Impregnated dunnite Banded harzburgite

Hot spot volcanism: a global phenomenon

5; Hawaii-emperor chain

The origin of hot spot volcanoes from melting of plumes

Dynamic models of mantle convection Plates going down Plumes coming up Rapid, small-cell convection on Io

Why does the mantle melt to produce hot spot magmas? Isentropic decompression melting Fluxing by volatiles Heating of the lithosphere by a hot plume Unconventional heat sources

Simple variations on the decompression melting theme Variations in potential temperature -- hotter mantle produces deeper melting, more magma Variations in the thickness of the lithosphere -- controls the depth at which melting terminates Fractional vs. batch melting All of these can vary from hot spot to hot spot and within a single volcano, producing distinctive chemical signatures

Temperature variations near head of plume 3D Model by Ribe and Christensen

Why does the mantle melt to produce hot spot magmas? Isentropic decompression melting Fluxing by volatiles Heating of the lithosphere by a hot plume Unconventional heat sources

Why does the mantle melt to produce hot spot magmas? Isentropic decompression melting Fluxing by volatiles Heating of the lithosphere by a hot plume Unconventional heat sources

Hawaii (topography/bathymetry)

Geological map of the big island of Hawaii

HSDP drilling in 1993 and 1999 into the flank of Mauna Kea volcano >95% recovery, to a total depth of 3.1 km below sea level Penetration through ~1 km of subaerial lavas, ~2 km of submarine deposits, both hyaloclastites and pillows

estimate of average subsidence rate

hyaloclastite formation -- “prograding delta” volcano growth

Trace elements and isotopic ratios are generally correlated with variations in SiO 2 content (Kurz et al, 2003)

What if the length scales of compositional heterogeneities are small?