 Census  Redistricting  Gerrymandering  House of Representatives  435 seats  2year term  Senate  100  6 year term

 Smith v Allwright 1944  Wesberry v Sanders 1963  Buckley v Valeo 1976  Shaw v Reno 1993/ Miller v Johnson 1995  US Term limits v Thornton 1995  Bush v Gore 2000

 Taxing  House Ways and Means Committee  Senate can only amend revenue bills  Bills of attainder  Ex post facto laws

 Oversight  Public education  Representing constituents- casework

 Sponsor the Bill  Bill must pass both houses of Congress in same form  Rules Committee  Killer Amendments  Filibuster  Pork Barrel  Conference committee  Compromise  Veto/Pocket Veto

 Majority of each house holds committee chairs  Majority- control business of committees  Subcommittees  Standing Committees- permanent, specialized  Judiciary, Armed Services  Joint Committees- House and Senate  Investigations, communicating to public  Select Committees- special purpose  Conference Committee- compromise

 Pigeonholed  Place bill in a committee to die  Discharge petition  Force bill to the floor to vote  Hearings

 House  Speaker  Chosen by majority party  Direct floor debate  Committee assignments  Majority Leader  Keeps party members in line  Determine party agenda  Minority Leader  Minority party agenda  Keep party members in line

 Senate  Vice President  President of Senate- tie breaker  President Pro Tem  Presiding officer  Honorary  Senior member  Majority Leader  Holds real power

 Pendleton Act 1883  Sherman Anti-trust Act 1896  Hatch Act 1939  Air Quality Act 1967  Federal Election Campaign Act  War Powers Act 1973  Budget and Impoundment Control Act 1974  Freedom of Information Act 1974  Gramm Rudman Hollings Bill 1985

 Espionage Act 1917/Sedition Act 1918  Immigration Act 1924  Civil Rights Act 1964  Voting Rights Act 1965  Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967  Civil Rights Act 1968  Title XI Education 1972  American w/ Disabilities Act 1990  National Voter Registration Act – Motor Voter 1993  Patriot Act 2001

 Executive Agreements  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964  War Powers Act 1973  Cabinet  Secretaries  Department of Homeland Security  Impeachment

 Principles  Equal justice under the law  Adversarial system  Presumption of innocence  Due Process  Substantive  Is the law fair  Procedural  Are the laws fairly applied

 Civil  Disputes over property, contracts, custody, liability  Criminal  Grand jury  Should a trial commence

 Judicial restraint  Reluctant to overturn prior rulings  Judicial Activism  Willing to overturn  Writ of certiorari  Legal document used to request lower courts transcript  Standing  Petitioner must have vested interest

 Judicial Review  Marbury v Madison 1803  Fletcher v Peck 1810  First case in which court overturned a state law  McCulloch v Maryland 1819  Ruled that state did not have power to tax national bank – Federal government supremacy  Gibbons v Ogden 1824  Federal government authority over interstate commerce

 Bureaucracy  Responsible for ensuring policies enacted by Congress and executive offices are carried out  Agencies  Federal Trade Commission  Securities and Exchange Commission  Nuclear Regulatory Commission  Federal Communications Commission  Food and Drug Administration  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission  Occupational Safety and Health Administration

 Iron Triangle  Lobbyists  Congressional committee  Agency (Bureaucracy)