Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images

What is Matter? Anything that has _______ and _________.

What is Matter? Anything that has mass and volume.

What is the smallest unit of matter? Hint: not a Chihuahua!

An Atom! What is the smallest unit of matter?

What is an ? Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!

An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table. Other Examples: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sodium Phosphorous

What are atoms made up of? What are their charges? ?

What are atoms made up of? What are their charges?

What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom?

What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom? Protons (+) and Neutrons (0)

What is this number called? What does this number represent? What is this number called? What does this number represent? This is the element Boron and how it appears on the periodic table.

Represents the # of Protons (+) Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons Also indicates # of electrons (-)

OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an Ionic Bond?

“I”onic Bond: When electrons are lost or gained (NO SHARING) between atoms. Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take but do not share!

What is a covalent bond? Hint: Co-captains share their position Atom

Covalent bond: When two atoms are sharing electrons in a compound.

What are…..

Isotopes are same atom with different numbers of NEUTRONS! Isotopes of Carbon

Define: Molecule / Compound (same definition)

2 or more elements chemically combined Define: Molecule / Compound (same definition)

Chemical and Physical

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be physical?

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be chemical?

What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of ___?___ in a solution.

What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Know which numbers are acidic and basic Strong AcidWeak Acid pH= 1-4pH= 5,6 Weak BaseStrong Base pH= 8,9 pH=10-14 Neutral pH = 7

What is a buffer? Don’t have a clue? Hint: We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with that.

A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to make small pH changes and maintain pH balance “HOMEOSTASIS” Buffer

Define & Give and Example: Solute Solvent Solution

Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT Solvent : What does the dissolving Ex: WATER Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

Suspension: No Dissolving Sand + Water Oil + Vinegar

What is COHESION? What is ADHESION?

What is COHESION? What is ADHESION? Same molecules sticking together Water + Water Different molecules sticking together Water + Glass

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

HYDROGEN BONDS

H (+) O (-) H (+) What is polarity? See a resemblance?

H (+) O (-) H (+) Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other See a resemblance?

MACROMOLECULES

“__________________” removes water (H2O) when putting monomers together to make polymers.

“DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS” removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers.

Name the 4 types of macromolecules? They are all organic compounds because they contain what?

Name the 4 types of macromolecules?  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids They are all organic compounds because they contain what?  CARBON

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What elements are in carbohydrates ?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What is the monomer for Carbohydrates?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are the two functions?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are animal and plant examples of stored energy?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are examples of plant and animal structure or support?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What the elements are for lipids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the monomers for lipids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the 4 functions of lipids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes Give examples of each function

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the elements for proteins?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the monomers of protein?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the 6 functions of Proteins?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are examples of each function?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the elements for Nucleic Acids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the functions 3 of Nucleic Acids?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are examples of the functions?

Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?

PROTEINS

What are Enzymes? ?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help _____________________. Name the 3 parts

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions. Must know the 3 parts Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Lock & Key

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?

Temperature & pH

Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C

Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C Reactants Products

What is Activation Energy?

Energy needed to get a reaction started

What is the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic reactions?

Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started) Energy Released Energy Absorbed

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… __________, ___________, and ___________

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… Heat, Light, Sound

A B What is the difference between reaction A & B?

A B