How Can We Build Healthy & Active Communities? James Sallis, PhD University of California, San Diego For PAPH in Aruba June 14, 2012

Maintaining & Building Activity- Friendly Places in Aruba

SLOTH Model of Physical Activity S leep L eisure O ccupation T ransportation H ousehold

What is being done to improve PA? Minor investment in programs Guided by theories that emphasize psychological & social influences Primary goals are education and behavior change skills training targeting individuals Fragmented, poorly coordinated, poorly funded approaches

Psychosocial Models of Health Behavior Individual Biological Psychological Skills Social/Cultural

Will individual interventions ever be sufficient?  Interventions based on psychosocial theories can be effective  But not sufficient  Reach is limited  Effects are modest  Maintenance is rare  Programs are not designed to change the root causes of current behavioral patterns

An Ecological Model of Health Behavior Individual Biological Psychological Behavioral Skills Social/Cultural Physical Environment Policy Context

Different environments----Different congestion

Places for Physical Activity L eisure O ccupation T ransportation H ousehold P arks, health clubs, sidewalks W orkplace S treets, bike facilities H ome

Comm Design Destinations Home Park & Rec School & Preschool Elements of An Active Living Community Transportation

“Walkable”: Mixed use, connected, dense

Not “walkable” street connectivity and mixed land use

The Neighborhood Quality of Life (NQLS) Study: The Link Between Neighborhood Design and Physical Activity James Sallis Brian Saelens Lawrence Frank And team Results published March 2009 in Social Science and Medicine

NQLS Neighborhood Categories Walkability Socioeconomic Status Low High Low 4 per city

Accelerometer-based MVPA Min/day in Walkability-by-Income Quadrants Walkability: p =.0002 Income: p =.36 Walkability X Income: p =.57 * Adjusted for neighborhood clustering, gender, age, education, ethnicity, # motor vehicles/adult in household, site, marital status, number of people in household, and length of time at current address.

Percent Overweight or Obese (BMI>25) in Walkability-by-Income Quadrants Walkability: p =.007 Income: p =.081 Walkability X Income: p =.26 * Adjusted for neighborhood clustering, gender, age, education, ethnicity, # motor vehicles/adult in household, site, marital status, number of people in household, and length of time at current address.

Multiple Pathways from Land Use to Health: Walkability Associations With Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality. Frank et al. JAPA % increase in walkability associated with: –32% increase in walking for transport –¼ point decrease in BMI (about 1.25 pounds) –6.5% decrease in vehicle miles traveled –5.6% decrease in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) grams –5.5% decrease in volatile organic compounds (VOC) grams County government is acting on results

Accelerometer-based MVPA Min/day in Walkability-by-Income Quadrants Walkability: F=13.74; p =.000 Income: F=2.59; p =.108 Walkability X Income: F=.001; p =.981 * Adjusted for gender and age

Walkable neighborhoods encourage more walking in older adults Older women who live within walking distance of trails, parks or stores recorded significantly higher pedometer readings than women who did not. The more destinations that were close by, the more they walked. Photo: Michael Ronkin, ODOT King, W., Am. J. of Public Health 2003

We can learn from international studies Atlanta, USA Ghent, Belgium

Multiple Environmental Factors Are Needed to Support Physical Activity: An 11-Country Study of Neighborhood Environments James F. Sallis, USA Heather Bowles, Australia Barbara E. Ainsworth, USA Adrian Bauman, Australia Et al Am J Prev Med. May 2009

Sallis. Am J Prev Med. 06/09

Built environment correlates of physical activity behaviours in a developing city: The case of Bogota, Colombia Olga Lucia Sarmiento and team Universidade de los Andes

photo: O.L. Sarmiento

Main Results Walking for transport (30 min/day for at least 5 days/week) was positively associated with: –Street density (POR 1.71, 95% CI ) –Street connectivity (POR 2.21, 95% CI ) –Bus Rapid Transit stations in the neighborhood (POR 1.71, 95% CI ) Leisure time physical activity (30 min/day for at least 5 days/week) was positively associated with: –Park density (POR 2.05, 95%CI ) –Bus Rapid Transit stations in the neighbohood (POR 1.27, 95% CI )

People with access to parks & recreation Facilities are more likely to be active

A national study of US adolescents (N=20,745)* found a greater number of physical activity facilities is directly related to physical activity and inversely related to risk of overweight Gordon-Larsen et al, Pediatrics, *using Add Health data Odds of having 5 or more bouts of MVPA Odds of being overweight Referent

People are Most Active on Tracks and Walking Paths Cohen. RAND

Activity-Friendly Transportation Systems

Room for Improvement Plan & Build for Pedestrians

Walkability > Driving > Obesity? Lopez Zetina 2006

Obesity falls sharply with increased walking, cycling, and transit use! Credit: John Pucher

Wener & Evans, Environment and Behavior, 2007

Neighborhood Walkability and Active Commuting to School 201 parents of children aged 4 to 17 Active commuting to school: –25% in hi-walkable neighborhoods –11% in lo-walkable neighborhoods Parent concerns, mostly about traffic, were higher in lo-walkable neighborhoods Kerr, et al. MSSE, 2006

Where do people bicycle? The role of infrastructure in determining bicycling behavior Jennifer Dill, Ph.D. Center for Transportation Studies

Where do people bicycle in Portland, OR? Based on GPS. Type of road% of bicycle miles % of road miles Without bicycle facilities 5192 With bicycle facilities (lane, separate path, bike boulevard 498 Jennifer Dill. J Public Health Policy

The Ministry of Traffic designated Odense as Denmark ’ s National Cycle City ( citizens) Odense – The National Cycle City of Denmark

Right-hand turn lanes II - IV

Awareness of cyclists II - IV

Results : > 50 sub- projects Bicycle traffic increase by 20% Accidents involving cyclists decrease by 20% Odense – The National Cycle City of Denmark

Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, “Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling,” Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125. Increase in Bike Share of Trips in Cities Around the World

Bogota, Colombia has invested heavily in walking, cycling, & PA events

Boulder, CO

Brisbane, Australia has invested in pedestrian facilities *Beautiful pedestrian bridge *Walkways along the river *Pleasing aesthetics

Amsterdam is a model for being friendly to pedestrians & cyclists The Incredible Bicycle Parking Structure At the Train Station

Decisions about Climate change and Controlling chronic Disease are related

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