ATP Adenosine triphosphate- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy. Consists of adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups. ADP- adenosine diphosphate, it looks like ATP but has two phosphates instead of three. When a cell has energy available it stores the energy by adding a phosphate to ADP.

ATP Section 8-1 Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)

Fermentation (without oxygen) Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Section 9-1 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. NADH holds electrons to be transferred to other molecules. By doing this it helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation-releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen present. Alcoholic Fermentation- Yeasts and microorganisms form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste. Lactic Acid Fermentation- pyruvic acid accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.. It Regenerates NAD so that glycolysis can continue

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

Aerobic Respiration Uses Oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria Krebs Cycle- 2nd stage of cellular respiration that break pyruvic acid down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. The 1st compound formed is citric acid so Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle. Electron Transport Chain- also takes place in the mitochondria . It uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

The Totals Krebs cycle and Electron Transport chain enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule. 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. So total amount is 36 ATP’s

Heterotroph or Autotroph Autotrophs- organisms such as plants that make their own food. Heterotroph- organisms like animals obtain energy food that they consume.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen. 6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6+ 6O2

Light and Pigments Pigments- light absorbing molecules that plants use to gather the sun’s energy. Chlorophyll- the plants principal pigment. Two Types. Chlorophyll –a and Chlorophyll-b. Carotene- red and orange pigments that some plants contain.

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

Chloroplast Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast Thylakoids-saclike photosynthetic membrane. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana(plural) or granum(singular). Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems. Photosystems- light collecting units of the chloroplast 2 types

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2 Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3 Light O2 Sugars CO2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH

Light dependent reactions Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes Light dependent reactions require energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. ATP Synthase- enzyme or protein that binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3 Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Chloroplast ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

Light independent reactions or The Calvin Cycle Takes place in the stroma. The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule. Plants use the glucose to make a polysaccharide called cellulose.

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input Chloroplast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars

Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 Calvin Cycle Video Contents

Click the image to play the video segment. ATP Formation Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Click the image to play the video segment. Photosynthesis Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2

Click the image to play the video segment. Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3

Click the image to play the video segment. Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4

Click the image to play the video segment. Calvin Cycle Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5

Go Online ATP activity Interactive test For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082. For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083. Internet

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