NUTRITION

WHAT IS NUTRITION? – MAYBE THIS SHORT VIDEO CAN HELPVIDEO – DEFINITION THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS GET FOOD AND BREAK IT DOWN SO IT CAN BE USED FOR METABOLISM – WHAT ARE NUTRIENTS? SUBSTANCES THAT PROVIDE ENERGY AND MATERIALS NEEDED FOR METABOLIC PROCESSES

NUTRITION THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF NUTRIENTS – INORGANIC NUTRIENTS VS ORGANIC NUTRIENTS ORGANIC NUTRIENTS INCLUDE: – CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND VITAMINS INORGANIC NUTRIENTS INCLUDE: – MINERALS AND WATER » CHEMICAL ELEMENTS NEEDED FOR NORMAL FUNCTIONING » EXAMPLE  IODINE

NUTRITION

WHAT WAS THE DEFINITION OF NUTRITION AGAIN? – THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS GET (OBTAIN) FOOD AND BREAK IT DOWN (DIGEST) SO IT CAN BE USED FOR METABOLISM – TWO PIECES TO THAT DEFINITION THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING FOOD THE PROCESS OF BREAKING IT DOWN (DIGESTION)

NUTRITION THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING FOOD – ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE BROKEN UP INTO TWO GROUPS WHEN IT COMES TO OBTAINING FOOD – AUTOTROPHS VS HETEROTROPHS

NUTRITION AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION – DEFINITION THE ABILITY OF SYNTHESIZING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM SIMPLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS – TWO KNOWN PROCESSES PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHEMOSYNTHESIS HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION – DEFINTION THE INABILITY TO SYNTHESIZE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM INORGANIC ONES ORGANISMS MUST OBTAIN PRE-MADE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THROUGH INGESTION – ORGANISMS ACCOMPLISH THIS THROUGH A VARIETY OF METHODS

NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION – ALL HETEROTROPHS UTILIZE THE SAME PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION INGESTION DIGESTION & ABSORPTION EGESTION (***NOT EXCRETION***)

NUTRITION AS THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT HETEROTROPHS, THE METHODS OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION THEY UTILIZE VARY GREATLY… FOR OUR PURPOSES, WE ARE GOING TO FOCUS ON CERTAIN ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND LIFE IN GENERAL WE WILL CALL THESE ORGANISMS, REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISMS, BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT THE MAJORITY OF METHODS THAT EXIST IN ALL HETEROTROPHS

NUTRITION WHO KNOWS WHAT THESE ORGANISMS ARE? WHAT KINGDOM ARE THEY IN? PROTISTS – THIS WILL BE OUR FIRST GROUP OF REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISMS

NUTRITION NUTRITION IN PROTISTS – WATCH THIS VIDEOVIDEO – WHAT DID YOU JUST SEE? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS) – PARAMECIUM EAT SIMILARLY  – BOTH ORGANISMS PERFORM INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION ONLY!! – WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND EGESTION OCCUR IN THIS METHOD?

NUTRITION MAJOR NUTRITIONAL STRUCTURES IN PROTISTS

NUTRITION ANYONE KNOW THIS ORGANISM??

NUTRITION WHAT ABOUT THESE GUYS?

NUTRITION THIS IS A MICROSCOPIC RELATIVE OF JELLIES, CALLED A HYDRA IT IS A VERY SIMPLE ANIMAL, AND WILL BE OUR NEXT REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM HOW DO THEY EAT? HOW DO THEY EAT

NUTRITION MAJOR STRUCTURES IN HYDRA

NUTRITION HYDRA NUTRITION – EXTRACELLULAR & INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION – WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND EGESTION TAKE PLACE?

NUTRITION WHAT IS THIS ORGANISM?

NUTRITION EARTHWORM WILL SERVE AS ANOTHER REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM HAS A “TUBE-WITHIN-A-TUBE” BODY PLAN

NUTRITION FIRST ORGANISM TO HAVE AN ORGANIZED DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ORGAN SYSTEM) WHAT ARE THE MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE EARTHWORM’S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

NUTRITION MAJOR STRUCTURES – ALIMENTARY CANAL – MOUTH – ANUS – PHARYNX – ESOPHAGUS – CROP – GIZZARD – INTESTINE *TYPHLOSOLE

NUTRITION WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND EGESTION TAKE PLACE?

NUTRITION THE EARTHWORM IS THE FIRST ORGANISM TO DEMONSTRATE THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF DIGESTION – MECHANICAL VS CHEMICAL DIGESTION MECHANICAL DIGESTION – BREAKING THINGS DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES CHEMICAL DIGESTION – BREAKING THE CHEMICAL BONDS / CHANGING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A SUBSTANCE

NUTRITION WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE IN REAL LIFE?? CLICK THE PIC TO FIND OUT

NUTRITION OUR NEXT REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM

NUTRITION GRASSHOPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

NUTRITION MAJOR STRUCTURES: – MOUTH – ESOPHAGUS – SALIVARY GLANDS – CROP – GIZZARD – GASTRIC CECAE – STOMACH – INTESTINE – RECTUM – ANUS

NUTRITION GRASSHOPPER NUTRITION – WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND EGESTION TAKE PLACE? – WHERE DOES MECHANICAL DIGESTION TAKE PLACE? – WHERE DOES CHEMICAL DIGESTION TAKE PLACE?

NUTRITION OUR NEXT REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM JUST A REMINDER

NUTRITION HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – MAJOR STRUCTURES MOUTH SALIVARY GLANDS PHARYNX EPIGLOTTIS ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM ANUS *LIVER *GALL BLADDER *PANCREAS

NUTRITION THE MOUTH – INGESTION – MASTICATION – MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL DIGESTION

NUTRITION THE PHARYNX – SWALLOWING SWALLOWING – BOLUS – EPIGLOTTIS

NUTRITION THE ESOPHAGUS – THE CONECCTION BETWEEN THE MOUTH AND THE STOMACH – PERISTALSIS PERISTALSIS – *HEARTBURN*

NUTRITION THE STOMACH – MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL DIGESTION – CHURNING VS GASTRIC JUICE – WHAT’S THE POINT OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE? – *ULCERS*

NUTRITION

THE SMALL INTESTINE – CHEMICAL DIGESTION LIVER / GALLBLADDER / PANCREAS – ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS – VILLI – OTHER TERM LACTEALS

NUTRITION

THE LARGE INTESTINE (A.K.A. “THE COLON”) – MAJOR FUNCTION WATER ABSORPTION VITAMIN ABSORPTION ELIMINATION

NUTRITION SUMMARY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, & EGESTION OCCUR? – DIFFERENT AREAS OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION?

NUTRITION WHAT ARE SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS? – ULCER – CONSTIPATION – DIARRHEA

NUTRITION WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION AND AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION? WHAT’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN AUTOTROPH?

NUTRITION WHAT CHARACTERISTIC DO ALL THESE HAVE IN COMMON? – THEY ARE ALL GREEN – WHY ARE THEY GREEN??

NUTRITION PLANTS ARE GREEN BECAUSE THEY HAVE A SPECIAL ORGANELLE CALLED A…

NUTRITION WHAT MAKES A CHLOROPLAST GREEN? IT CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL!! – CHLOROPLASTS ARE PHYLLED WITH CHLOROPHYLL

NUTRITION WHAT MAKES CHLOROPHYLL GREEN?? IS IT SOMETHING…EVIL?? – IT HAS TO DO WITH ABSORBING AND REFLECTING OF LIGHT…

NUTRITION REMEMBER YOUR OLD FRIEND, R.O.Y.G.B.I.V

NUTRITION THINGS APPEAR A CERTAIN COLOR BECAUSE THEY REFLECT THAT PARTICULAR COLOR… THEREFORE, WHAT DOES THAT TELL US ABOUT CHLOROPHYLL??

NUTRITION WE CALL THOSE SUBSTANCES THAT ABSORB OR REFLECT PARTICULAR COLORS OF LIGHT…PIGMENTS CHLOROPHYLL IS THE MOST WELL KNOWN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT…BUT THERE ARE OTHERS…HOW DO YOU KNOW??

NUTRITION HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK??

NUTRITION HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK?? – HOW DOES THE PLANT GET THE STUFF IT NEEDS FOR THIS REACTION?

NUTRITION HOW DOES THE PLANT GET THE REACTANTS?

NUTRITION ONCE THE PLANT OBTAINS THE REACTANTS, THEN WHAT?? – LIGHT REACTION VS. DARK REACTION

NUTRITION LIGHT REACTION – LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION – PHOTOLYSIS – OCCURS IN THE GRANA

NUTRITION DARK REACTION – A.K.A. CALVIN CYCLE – LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION – CARBON FIXATION – OCCURS IN THE STROMA

NUTRITION WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? – AMOUNT OF LIGHT – AMOUNT OF WATER – TEMPERATURE – PH – MINERAL CONCENTRATION** MINERAL CONCENTRATION

NUTRITION THE VENUS FLY TRAP IS CALLED A “HETEROTROPHIC” PLANT, EVEN THOUGH IT PERFORMS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NUTRITION PLANTS CAN HAVE SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS WITH REGARD TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!

NUTRITION SINCE PLANTS DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, DO THEY HAVE TO PERFORM CELLULAR RESPIRATION??? – PHOTOSYNTHESIS DOES NOT REPLACE CELLULAR RESPIRATION

NUTRITION PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. CHEMOSYNTHESIS – PHOTOAUTOTROPH VS CHEMOAUTOTROPH BACTERIA CAN DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS; WHY IS THAT WEIRD??

NUTRITION NUTRITION EXPLAINS HOW ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE OBTAINED…BUT IT DOESN’T EXPLAIN HOW THOSE COMPOUNDS GET TO THE CELL…FOOD ABSORBED IN THE SMALL INTESTINE…HOW DOES IT GET TO YOUR BRAIN TO BE USED FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION??? AFTER CHRISTMAS, WE GET TO FIND OUT!!