Innovative applications of Specim's AISA hyperspectral sensors and software Ing. Marco Bacciocchi, Codevintec

Hyperspectral sensors and software

Current Airborne AISA Products

AISA Systems EAGLE/EAGLETHAWKDUALOWL Spectral range nm nm nm um Spectral sampl.3/2.5 nm6 nm2.5/6 nm50 nm Spectral bands200/ Spatial pixels1024/ Image rate125/160 Hz100 Hz SNR Sensor weight3.5/6.5 kg18 kg55 kg13.5 kg Total weight15/28 kg45 kg110 kg35 kg

AISA Airborne Hyperspectral System Components Hyperspectral camera FODIS Daylight readable LCD Display GPS/INS unitCompact Data acquisition and storage system CaliGeo Software

AISA Installations

Push-broom hyperspectral imaging Photo - SCG Siena Single Pixel Spectral Bands Spatial Pixels Flight Line Wavelength Intensity Pixel Spectrum Single Sensor Frame Series of Sensor Frames

Push-broom hyperspectral camera

Push-broom advantages 1. Acquires all spectral information exactly at the same time - insensitive to instrument/sample movement 2. Multiplex advantage of imaging full line of pixels at the same time 3. No moving parts in the instrument – compact, reliable, stable, low maintenance. 4. With high speed AISA sensors, flexible to adapt to various mission requirements 5. The only HSI technique which practically fits to all applications: air, field, lab and on-line

Flight mission parameters GSD = ground sampling [m] v = aircraft speed [m/s} FOV = field of view [degree] n = # of swath pixels Frame rate FR = v/GSD [1/s] Flying altitude A = n*GSD/2tan(FOV/2) [m] Frame integration time [s]

AISA system lab calibration Radiometric & spectral ›Conversion factor for each pixel from raw data to spectral radiance ›Centre wavelength and spectral FWHM for each spectral band Geometric ›Focal length ›Optical axis position ›Possible distortion over the swath Focus Other standard lab tests ›Linearity, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Smile and Keystone, Stability, MTF

Data processing Radiometric processing Georeferencing Atmospheric correction Mosaic of flight lines Spectral processing for desired information CaligeoPRO ›Both interactive and batch mode Atcor, Flaash ENVI, et al

AISA software

Aisa Operating Software RS Cube All the AISA systems use Windows-based flight operations software RSCube to ›Control hardware like image (frame) rate and exposure time. ›Display images, GPS/INS status, and other information in real- time for monitoring the progress of data collection

Aisa Operating Software RS CUbe All AISA systems can be used in two operating modes: ›A: full hyperspectral data acquisition ›B: multispectral data acquisition at programmable wavebands Band files are created with AISA Bandage

Caligeo Software › CaliGeo is an easy-to-use, GUI-based, interactive software package (stand alone or Envi plug-in). It allows you to fine tune your images and turn your raw AISA data into final useable products. ›With CaliGeo you are able to perform ›Radiometric correction ›Geo-referencing (Geometric correction) › CaliGeo also provides the tools to automatically analyze and correct boresight errors caused by mechanical tolerances between: ›head and GPS/INS ›VNIR and SWIR sensor heads

Dems ›A digital elevation model (DEM) defines the ground elevation for every single ground point, independently of the other points. ›Using a DEM is supported in CaliGeo. However, it is up to the user to provide ENVI-readable DEM data for the entire image area in a suitable format with a proper resolution ›If the DEM does not cover the image area and CaliGeo needs values outside the DEM, then CaliGeo will use the nearest DEM pixel on the edge of the DEM. ›There are no size restrictions for the DEM file. The file can cover a larger area than the raw image. ›The DEM file must be in ENVI readable format (1 channel grayscale raster data) ›To achieve a good rectification result, the ground resolution of DEM should reflect the height differences in ground (e.g. If having tall buildings etc. in the image a good ground resolution is recommended)

AISA Applications and References

Why hyperspectral? Hyperspectral imaging is capable of seeing detailed spectral signatures needed in ›identification (like plant species, minerals) and ›quantification (like chlorophyll in water) of target characterisctics, and ›mapping their distribution.

Where hyperspectral imaging can help us?  Mineral Exploration & Geothermal Exploration, Acid Mine Drainage  Water Quality, Off-shore Mapping, Coral Reef Health  Forest Chemistry, Health, Inventory  Monitoring Infrastructure Conditions  Wetlands Health, Vegetation, Discrete vegetation mapping, and Agriculture Research and Development  Hydrocarbon Detection, Oil&Gas Leak Detection  Fire and Flood Risk Analysis  Law Enforcement and Military Applications

Airborne mineral mapping SpecTIR LLC, USA Operates three AisaDUAL systems, first obtained in 2006 SWIR and LWIR hyperspectral imaging is capable of identification of most minerals of commercial interest, and provide quick mapping tool in geological and geothermal exploration. High spatial resolution (1 meter) hyperspectral results for the “Buddintonite Bump” area of Cuprite, Nevada.

Airborne mineral mapping Courtesy of SpecTIR LLC, USA

Forest inventory and health ›Fusion of hyperspectral imaging and Lidar data ›Tree height and volume ›Species identification and distribution ›Biomass, tree health condition, like stress caused by pine beetle attack University of Victoria, Canada Purchased AisaDUAL in 2006

Forest chemistry University of Victoria, Canada AisaDUAL

Forest health mapping Sarawak Forest Department Malaysia AisaEAGLE Airborne HSI in VNIR provides sensitive and high resolution detection and mapping of fungus disease in oil palm trees >50 km 2 m ground m/s (100 knots)

Law enforcement in forest area Sarawak Forest Department Malaysia Purchased AisaEAGLE in 2008, AisaEAGLET in 2010 Monitoring of illegal logging and encroachment by detection, classification and mapping of anomalies, like natural vs. felling gap, non-vegetative green targets (camouflage) Integrated geospatial system for fast enforcement response: ›hyperspectral data collection ›near real-time processing and mapping ›web dissemination of the tactical information to field users

Detection of recent encroachments Sarawak Forest Department Malaysia

Drug plant detection Processed Hyperspectral Image Known spectral characteristics Known background Geo-rectified Processed Hyperspectral Image Known spectral characteristics Known background Geo-rectified Marijuana plants Courtesy of SpecTIR LLC, USA

Water quality mapping SOA (State Oceanic Administration), China Purchased AisaEAGLE 2006, and two more systems in 2009 Chlorophyll, algae, and total solids mapping Oil slick and oil in water monitoring University of Nebraska, USA Purchased AisaEAGLE 2005 Chlorophyll-a mapPhycocyanin mapTotal solids content

Water quality mapping Centro de Economia Aplicada (CEA), Chile Purchased AisaEAGLE In 2009 All water reservoirs in Chile are frequently mapped for organic and inorganic pollution

Environmental catastrophes Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico: Hyperspectral data is frequently collected with AisaDUAL by SpecTIR LLC, USA, in order to ›monitor changes to health in highly sensitive coastal wetlands, and ›aid in future impact assessments. ‘Red mud’ flood in Hungary: Hyperspectral data is collected with AisaEAGLE by EnviroSense, Hungary. Data courtesy of

Thermal applications AisaOWL Key Characteristics 285x200x175 mm 13.5 kg < 200 W Spatial pixels384 Spectral range um Spectral resol.100 nm Spectral sampling50 nm Spectral bands100 Smile, keystone<0.2 pix Image rate100 Hz mW/m 2 sr um

Thermal Cooled – Performance NESR SNR

AisaOWL sensor on the ground Detection of propellant gas (1,1,1-2 tetrafluoroethane) Outdoor scan in Finland in daytime in March Ambient temperature ca -10 C. Data processed to radiance.

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