Important Plant Notes

Review….. Fungi- NOT Plants……Why? Heterotrophic- no chlorophyll Eukaryotic – multicellular Made up of slender filaments called hyphae Have cell walls made of chitin (Plant cell walls are made up of cellulose) Decomposers: Secrete enzymes and digest food outside their body, then absorb nutrients Molds, yeasts, mildews, mushrooms

Review… Lichen Mutualisitic association between a fungi and either a green algae or a cyanobacteria The Fungus absorbs water/nutrients from the environment, and the algae uses this for photosynthesis. The fungus absorbs the organic molecules made from photosynthesis for its’ food. Used to test air quality: Algae is very susceptible to Air/water pollution

Reproduction Plants have Alternation of Generations Gametophyte: The haploid form of the plant that produces the gametes. Haploid = half the number of chromosomes- Male, female In a moss….this is the ‘carpet’ you see Sporophyte: When 2 gametes fuse they form the sporophyte (the diploid form of the plant)

PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR, seedless Ex: mosses, liverworts Waxy cuticle covering to survive drought Transport materials (food) by osmosis and diffusion so need a large water supply, need to be small Reproduce with spores Dominant Gametophyte generation (Haploid) (the ‘carpet’ that you see) Ex: ferns, horsetails Waxy cuticle covering to survive drought Vascular: larger, more complex. Can carry nutrients from the soil, sun throughout the plant Reproduce with spores Dominant Sporophyte generation (Diploid) (leaves that you see) BOTH STILL NEED TO LIVE IN A MOIST ENVIRONMENT FOR REPRODUCTION

PLANTS: Vascular, with Seeds GYMNOSPERMS vs ANGIOSPERMS Gymnosperms (gymno = naked; sperma = seed), seeds develop on the surface of the reproductive structures (thus also called the “naked-seed plants”) such as the cones in pine Angiosperms (angio = vessel, receptacle, container), seeds develop within a specialized structure, called an ovary, on the adult sporophyte (also called the “flowering plants”).

VASCULAR SYSTEMS XYLEM PHLOEM System of tubes and transport cells that circulate water and dissolved minerals Rings in a cut down tree trunk are the remains of old xylem tissue- one ring for each year of life System of tubes that transports sugars and other molecules created by the plant from photosynthesis Always alive- xylem dies after one year and then develops new (the rings of a tree trunk. The dripping sap from a tree usually comes from phloem

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM XYLEM Goes up From the roots PHLOEM Goes Down (Or Up)

Plants: Vascular: with NAKED Seeds!! GYMNOSPERMS MEGASPORES MICROSPORES FEMALE MALE POLLEN Seeds develop on the surface of the reproductive structures Sporophyte is the dominant generation Which is the Megaspore? Microspore? Which is the Male pinecone? Female?..............POLLEN?

PLANTS WITH SEEDS: ANGIOSPERMS Flower Basics 1. Label the parts of the flower. Petals Pistil Stigma Style Stamen Anther Filament Ovule Ovary Sepal Image: http://www.smithlifescience.com/SciFlowerDiagramBlank.jpg

_________________ - The female part of a flower 2. Identify each part of the flower described below using the words in the word list. _________________ - The female part of a flower _________________ - A small plant that is just starting to grow _________________ - The place where pollen develops and is stored _________________ - The female sex cell in a plant _________________ - Occurs when the sperm and egg cells unite _________________ - A sugary substance that attracts insects _________________ - The male sex cell in a plant _________________ - The male part of a flower _________________ - The stalk that supports the anther _________________ - The part of the pistil that receives the pollen _________________ - Part that connects the stigma and ovary _________________ - Protective leaf-like enclosure for the flower bud _________________ - The ripened ovary of a plant that contains seeds _________________ - Flower that contains both male and female parts _________________ - Flower that lacks either male or female parts _________________ - The structures that make up the outside of the flower and maybe colored or contain nectar or perfume glands PISTIL SEEDLING ANTHER OVARY FERTILIZATION NECTAR POLLEN STAMEN FILAMENT STIGMA STYLE SEPAL FRUIT PERFECT IMPERFECT PETALS Word List: Anther Fertilization Filament Fruit Imperfect Nectar Ovary Perfect Petals Pistil Pollen Seedling Sepals Stamen Stigma Style

Ants Bats Bees Moths Birds Butterflies Flies Beetles True Bugs Wasps 3. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination? SELF-POLLINATION: POLLEN FROM A FLOWER LANDS ON THE PISTIL OF THE SAME FLOWER OR A FLOWER ON THE SAME PLANT. CROSS-POLLINATION: POLLEN FROM A FLOWER LANDS ON THE PISTIL OF THE A FLOWER ON A DIFFERENT PLANT. Ants Bats Bees Moths Birds Butterflies Flies Beetles True Bugs Wasps Pollinators Did you know? Honey bees are the most common pollinators. What insect comes in second place?

Cotyledon The stored food for the seed as it develops; the first embryonic leaves of a seed plant- The Number of Cotyledons places the plant in a different CLASS in the Classification System: Monocot: If it has one cotyledon Dicot: If it has two cotyledons