Text Chapters

 Means of production  Until the 1800’s Europeans were unable to colonize Africa (Difficult Travel, Natives, Disease)  Industrialization allowed colonization (Steam Engine, Cure for Malaria, GUNS!)

 Contributing Factors:  Decline of the Ottoman Empire  Geopolitics: Europeans were interested in the Middle East because of its strategic location (Mediterranean), and products (Oil discovered in 1900)  Crimean War: Ottomans (& Britain and France) v. Russia

 In order to avoid colonization some Muslim countries attempted to modernize  Egypt: Muhammad Ali, Isma’il & Suez Canal  Economic Imperialism (Persia, and tobacco boycott)

 Mughal Empire Collapses, India breaks up into many small states controlled by local leaders.  1757—British East India Co. troops defeat the Indian/French Battle of Plassey and BEIC becomes dominant economic power in the region.  India provides raw materials for G.B.’s factories, and 300 M people to buy English goods

 Positive  3 rd largest RR in the world is built, enabling Indian economic development  India able to modernize (roads, telephone, telegraph, dams, bridges, etc.)  Sanitation, public health, schools (literacy)  British end warfare between local rulers.  Negative:  British hold all political & econ. Power  Industries competing with the British suffer (Indian textiles)  Cash crop (c0tt0n) emphasis reduces food and local self- sufficiency  Racism and missionaries threaten traditional Indian ways of life

 Indian Discontent Grows  Rumor Spreads among Sepoys (1857)  Sepoys refuse to accept rifle cartridges and are jailed  In response Sepoys rebel  Fierce fighting ensues, and it takes BEIC over a year to regain control

 Hindu/Muslim split  G.B. takes command of India from the BEIC (under Queen Victoria)  Direct control: Minister in London directs Indian policy, viceroy in India carries it out  BEIC treaties with local rulers who stayed loyal to British during the rebellion are honored  Indian Nationalism Grows

 Plantation Agriculture (sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, banana)  Dutch East India Company controls Indonesia (Dutch E. Indies)  British: Malaysia (Singapore). Chinese flock to Malaysia to work for the British, eventually outnumbering native Malay population  France: Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)