CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN POWER SYSTEM Mr. V. Ramakrishna Member (Power System), CEA

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT EMERGING SCENARIO CHALLENGES IN PLANNING

CHRONOLOGY POWER DEVELOPMENT INITIAL YEARS  Isolated Systems around Urban and Industrial Areas ELECTRICITY (SUPPLY) ACT,1948.  Rationalisation of Production and Supply of Electricity and creation of CEA for this purpose.  Extension of benefits of Electricity to Semi-urban and Rural areas in most efficient and economical manner.  Linking together contiguous areas to establish ‘Grid Systems’.  Enabled Provincial Govts to set up SEBs for development and administration of ‘Grid Systems’.

ConceptEmergenceConsolidation & Integration  STATE GRIDS194850s60s & 70s  REGIONAL GRIDS196470s80s & 90s  NATIONAL GRID / 2015 TOWARDS NATIONAL POWER GRID

Growth in Transmission System

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN POWER SYSTEM CONCEPT SO FAR  Generation & transmission development on Regional self sufficiency.  Inter-regional lines for limited exchange of operational surpluses through asynchronous links.  Exchange in radial mode between ER - NR, WR - SR & ER - NR.  Surplus available not being fully utilized in other deficit regions as previous plans were not for bulk inter-regional transfer.

PROJECTS DEMAND th EPS REGIONS PEAK LOAD ENERGY (GW) (Average GU per day) NORTHERN WESTERN SOUTHERN EASTERN NORTH-EASTERN ALL-INDIA  The above projection taken as basis for evolving perspective transmission plan for

GENERATION SCENARIO PROJECTION TH EPS INSTALLED CAPACITY210 GW PEAK DEMAND157 GW ENERGY (Average)2.7 GU per day

DEVELOPMENT OF GRID- WHAT NEXT ?  Regional Grids consolidated  Stage set for optimization at National level  Disposition of energy resources is uneven  Major Hydro resources in NER & NR  Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/ Orissa/ West Bengal.  Not much further Hydro Potential in WR & SR.  Not much further coal potential in NR & WR.  Environmental problems limiting further exploitation of Hydro Potential  Optimal location of new generating resources in ER / NER.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PERSPECTIVE  SUBSTANTIAL SAVINGS POSSIBLE WITH POWER DEVELOPMENT PLANNED ON COUNTRYWISE BASIS AND THE SYSTEM OPERATED ACCORDINGLY  SAVINGS ON ACCOUNT OF:  DEMAND DIVERSITIES  RESERVE SHARING  OPTIMAL LOCATION OF GENERATION  ENHANCED UTILISATION OF OPERATIONAL SURPLUSSES AND MERIT ORDER GENERATION ON A WIDER SCALE.  TO ACHIEVE THE ABOVE A NATIONAL GRID IS BEING DEVELOPED

Physical Links SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM  MUST BE ADEQUATE AND RELIABLE TO MEET EVACUATION REQUIREMENT FOR EACH STATION SEPERATELY.  MUST PROVIDE RELIABLE DISPERSAL TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF EACH AREA.  SHOULD FIT WELL INTO LONG TERM SYSTEM NEEDS  AMENABLE FOR STAGE DEVELOPMENT  OPTIMALLY UTILISE TRANSMISSION CORRIDORS  PLANNED TO MEET EXTREME CREDIBLE CONTINGENCIES In case of inter regional lines this would mean increased surplus in normally surplus regions and simultaneously increased deficit in normally deficit region.

Growth in Inter-Regional Transmission Capacity INTER REGIONAL TRANSMISSION CAPACITYAll figures in MW YEAR kV kV HVDC bi-pole HVDC b-t-b HVDC mono-pole kV1850 TOTAL

Inter-regional Lines - X PLAN

Inter-regional Lines – XI PLAN BARH Barh-Balia 400 kV D/C (Quad)1200 ER-WR SCHEME Rourkela – Raipur 400 kV D/C line – 2 (with TCSC)1400 NR-WR SCHEME Agra- Gwalior 765 kV S/C line-2 400kV operation1100 Kankroli – Zerda 400kV D/C1000 RAPP-Nagda 400kV D/C1000 SUBANSIRI BiswanathChariyali – Agra HVDC Bipole at + 600kV4000 Bongaigaon – Siliguri 400kV D/C1000 MAITHON RB, NORTH KARANPURA North Karanpura-Sipat PP 765 kV S/C2300 Sasaram-Fatehpur 765 kV S/C (40% Series Comp)2300 Agra-Gwalior 765 kV S/C line-1 (Operation at 765 kV)1200 Agra-Gwalior 765kV S/C line-1 (Operation 765 kV)1200 YET TO BE FIRMED-UP Hima-Sipat 400kV D/C1000 Hirma-Raipur 400kV D/C1000 Parli-Raichur 400kV D/C1000 All India (addition during 11 th Plan)20700

Projected Requirement of Inter-Regional Transmission of Power Winter Off Peak Winter Peak RegionsAvailabilityDemand Deficit/ Surplus AvailabilityDemand Deficit/ Surplus Northern Western Southern Eastern North-Eastern Total

Projected Requirement of Inter-Regional Transmission of Power cont…3 Summer Off Peak Summer Peak RegionsAvailabilityDemand Deficit/ Surplus AvailabilityDemand Deficit/ Surplus Northern Western Southern Eastern North-Eastern Total

Programme – TRANSMISSION LINES PROGRAMME X PlanXI Plan 765 kVcKm HVDC+ 600kVcKm03600 HVDC+ 500KvcKm kVcKm As at the end of 9 th Plan th Plan11 th Plan 765 kVcKm HVDC+ 600kVcKm HVDC+ 500KvcKm kVcKm

Programme – SUBSTATIONS PROGRAMME X PlanXI Plan 765 kVMVA HVDC bi-poleMVA HVDC b-t-bMVA kVMVA As at the end of 9 th Plan th Plan11 th Plan 765 kVMVA HVDC bi-poleMVA HVDC b-t-bMVA kVMVA

Inter-linking transmission system under State Sector  Matching transmission system at 220kV and 132 kV  Sub-transmission at 66kV and 33kV  Distribution system (33kV and below for Rural Areas) (132kV and below for cities) System up to the final destination catering to the load growth and ensure delivery of the electricity up to the end consumers in the country.

220 kV & 132 kV Normative Estimate (including R &M) (not included in NEP, should form part of States’ Plan) PROGRAMME X PlanXI Plan 230 /220 kvcKm / 110 kVcKm /220 kVMVA /110 kVMVA As at the end of 9 th Plan th Plan11 th Plan 230 /220 kvcKm / 110 kVcKm /220 kVMVA /110 kVMVA

 Uncertainty in load growth  Impact on Transmission planning  Delicensing of Thermal Generation  Need for periodic review of plan. CHALLENGES IN POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

 SCHEDULE OF H.E. PROJECTS  Constraints in RoW  Creation of Pooling Points & bulk transmission  Experience of Kishanpur – Moga 765kV line. CHALLENGES IN POWER SYSTEM PLANNING (Contd..)

 OPEN ACCESS IN TRANSMISSION  Market driven exchanges may influence pattern of power flow  Periodic review and strengthening CHALLENGES IN POWER SYSTEM PLANNING (Contd..)

 RoW CONSTRAINT  Environmental  Wild Life sanctuaries  Multi circuit lines ?  Urban areas  GIS, high capacity lines  Utilisation of Hydro potential in North East CHALLENGES IN POWER SYSTEM PLANNING (Contd..)

Transmission System for Hydro development in NER GW of Hydro potential in North-eastern Region 10 GW from Sikkim and Bhutan  Substantial power from this region would be required to be transmitted to NR/WR over distances exceeding 2000 km.  Right of way constraints in the chicken neck area.  Hybrid network of EHVDC and high capacity 400 kV AC would be developed.

Emerging Technologies  Problems associated with development of All India Grid  Upgrading of Protection system  Isolation of faulty system  Defense mechanism

Emerging Technologies (contd…)  GIS, FACTS etc  Compression of construction period  Satellite imagery  Standardization of Tower Design  Modern construction techniques  Failure rate of transformers